Table 2.
U-shaped effects of income on depression.
| Model | (1) 2SLS | (2) 2SLS | (3) 2SLS | (4) 2SLS | (5) 2SLS | (6) 2SLS | (7) 2SLS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Depression | Depression | Depression | Depression | Depression | Depression | Depression |
| ln_Income | −1.064*** (0.394) |
−0.837** (0.361) |
−1.506** (0.601) |
−1.499** (0.595) |
−1.635** (0.715) |
−1.401** (0.636) |
1.585 (2.906) |
| ln_Income_squared | 0.062** (0.024) |
0.050** (0.023) |
0.100** (0.039) |
0.100*** (0.039) |
0.103** (0.044) |
0.091** (0.039) |
−0.323 (0.394) |
| ln_Income_cubed | 0.016 (0.015) |
||||||
| Age | 0.023* (0.012) |
−0.000 (0.016) |
0.002 (0.016) |
0.013 (0.021) |
0.016 (0.017) |
0.014 (0.014) |
|
| Age_squared | −0.000 (0.000) |
0.000 (0.000) |
0.000 (0.000) |
−0.000 (0.000) |
−0.000 (0.000) |
−0.000* (0.000) |
|
| Whether female | 0.013 (0.066) |
−0.052 (0.087) |
−0.048 (0.089) |
−0.095 (0.117) |
−0.013 (0.101) |
0.095 (0.161) |
|
| Education level | −0.081*** (0.024) |
−0.064*** (0.022) |
−0.043** (0.019) |
−0.026* (0.014) |
−0.017* (0.009) |
||
| Health status | −0.315*** (0.026) |
−0.314*** (0.027) |
−0.291*** (0.036) |
−0.283*** (0.029) |
−0.274*** (0.020) |
||
| Whether migrants | −0.208** (0.089) |
−0.221** (0.090) |
−0.192** (0.092) |
−0.044 (0.059) |
0.032 (0.069) |
||
| Whether Hukou in urban | −0.149*** (0.055) |
−0.076 (0.069) |
−0.033 (0.051) |
0.003 (0.037) |
|||
| Whether ethnic minorities | 0.159* (0.084) |
0.154* (0.092) |
−0.095 (0.061) |
−0.143*** (0.055) |
|||
| Whether religious believer | 0.089 (0.058) |
0.121* (0.072) |
0.167** (0.078) |
0.061 (0.122) |
|||
| Whether CPC member | −0.156*** (0.047) |
−0.137*** (0.049) |
−0.119*** (0.044) |
−0.068 (0.051) |
|||
| Weekly working hours | 0.008** (0.004) |
0.007* (0.003) |
0.002 (0.006) |
||||
| Whether having pension | −0.005 (0.051) |
0.034 (0.056) |
−0.047 (0.095) |
||||
| Whether having medical insurance | 0.049 (0.079) |
0.063 (0.071) |
0.036 (0.053) |
||||
| Whether married | −0.113** (0.055) |
−0.126*** (0.047) |
|||||
| Family size | −0.016 (0.014) |
0.010 (0.028) |
|||||
| Number of children | −0.018 (0.023) |
−0.020 (0.015) |
|||||
| Number of houses | −0.066* (0.037) |
−0.053** (0.026) |
|||||
| Socio-economic status | −0.210*** (0.039) |
−0.170*** (0.034) |
|||||
| Year dummy | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Province dummies | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 6.201*** (1.374) |
4.401*** (1.021) |
8.259*** (1.766) |
8.030*** (1.726) |
8.210*** (1.999) |
6.783*** (1.794) |
2.975 (3.995) |
| Observations | 11,894 | 11,894 | 11,858 | 11,830 | 11,816 | 11,655 | 11,655 |
***, **, and * indicate significance at the levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. The values in parentheses are standard errors robust to heteroskedasticity. Yes means the corresponding variables are controlled in the regression, while No means not controlled.