. 2022 Feb 21;2:100084. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100084

Table 1.

Giardiasis outbreaks due to waterborne transmission

Location	Reference	Year	No. of cases or samples (Lab-confirmed)	Tap water		Untreated water	Recreational water (swimming, etc.)	Beaver involvement
Location	Reference	Year	No. of cases or samples (Lab-confirmed)	Pre-treatment	Post-treatment	Untreated water	Recreational water (swimming, etc.)	Beaver involvement
Australia	Dale et al. (2010)	2001–2007	12 (3)			×
Canada	Isaac-Renton et al. (1999)	1996	590 (590)	×
Canada	Isaac-Renton et al., 1993, Isaac-Renton et al., 1994	1991–1992	124 (124)			×		×
Canada	Greensmith et al. (1988)	1986	59 (30)				×
Finland	Rimhanen-Finne et al. (2010)	2007–2008	37 (37)	×
Italy	Resi et al. (2021)	2018–2019	228 (228)		×
Netherlands	Pijnacker et al. (2016)	2010–2013	219 (219)				×
New Zealand	Wilson et al. (2008)	2006	1214 (1214)			×	×
Norway	Nygard et al. (2006)	2004–2005	2500 (1268)	×
South Korea	Cheun et al. (2013)	2010	9 (7)			×
Sweden	Neringer et al. (1987)	1982	56 (56)	×
UK	Jephcott et al. (1986)	1985	108 (108)		×
UK	Gray et al. (1994)	1992–1993	74 (74)			×	×
UK	Hall et al. (2017)	2012	4 (4)				×
USA	Levine et al. (1990)	1986–1988	4 unique outbreaks^a	×			×
USA	Kramer et al. (1996)	1993–1994	9 unique outbreaks^a	×	×	×	×
USA	Moore et al. (1993)	1991–1992	8 unique outbreaks^a	×	×	×	×
USA	Herwaldt et al. (1991)	1989–1990	7 unique outbreaks^a	×		×
USA	Birkhead & Vogt (1989)	1983–1986	1211 (1211)	×		×
USA	Birkhead et al. (1989)	1986	37 (23)	×				×
USA	Navin et al. (1985)	1982	324 (324)	×				×
USA	Kent et al. (1988)	1985–1986	703 (703)	×				×(and muskrat)
USA	Lopez et al. (1980)	1977	213 (213)	×				×, C. can
USA	Dykes et al. (1980)	1976	128 (128)	×				×, C. can
USA	Istre et al. (1984)	1981	20 (8)	×
USA	Weniger et al. (1983)	1980	Estimated 781 (49)	×
USA	Karon et al. (2011)	2007	46 (26)	×
USA	Shaw et al. (1977)	1974–1975	350 (350)	×
USA	Levy et al. (1998)	1995–1996	3 unique outbreaks^a		×	×	×
USA	Reses et al. (2018)	2003–2004	52 (52)			×	×
USA	Bedard et al. (2016)	2009	36 (36)			×
USA	Daly et al. (2010)	2007	31 (17)			×
USA	Hopkins & Juranek (1991)	1983	31 (31)			×
USA	Porter et al. (1988)	1985	9 (8)				×
USA	Katz et al. (2006)	2003	149 (97)				×
USA	Harter et al. (1984)	1982	70 (70)				×
USA	Eisenstein et al. (2008)	2006	38 (35)				×

Abbreviation: C. can, Castor canadensis (North American beaver).

Number of individual cases undetermined as some studies referenced in these papers overlap with those included individually this table; cases and specific outbreak studies are not linked to one another in the original study.