. 2022 Oct 31;101(1):36–61D. doi: 10.2471/BLT.22.288293

Table 2. Studies included on the extent of overuse of medications in low- and middle-income countries.

Study characteristic	Study reference	No. (%) of studies
Total	¹⁵ ^, ¹⁶ ^, ¹⁹ ^– ²⁶ ^, ²⁸ ^, ³⁰ ^– ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^– ⁴⁶ ^, ⁴⁹ ^– ⁵¹ ^, ⁵³ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁶ ^– ⁶⁴ ^, ⁶⁶ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁰ ^– ⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁰ ^– ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^– ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁹ ^– ¹¹³ ^, ¹¹⁵ ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹²⁰ ^– ¹⁵⁴ ^, ¹⁵⁷ ^– ¹⁶³ ^, ¹⁶⁵ ^, ¹⁶⁷ ^– ¹⁷⁵ ^, ¹⁷⁷ ^– ¹⁹¹ ^, ¹⁹⁵ ^– ²⁰⁸ ^, ²¹⁰ ^– ²¹⁴ ^, ²¹⁶ ^– ²³⁰ ^, ²³² ^– ²³⁵ ^, ²³⁷ ^– ²⁴³ ^, ²⁴⁵ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^– ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵² ^– ²⁵⁹ ^, ²⁶¹ ^– ²⁶⁴ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^– ²⁷³ ^, ²⁷⁶ ^– ²⁸² ^, ²⁸⁴ ^– ²⁹⁸ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^– ³¹² ^, ³¹⁴ ^– ³²⁸ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³² ^, ³³⁴ ^, ³³⁶ ^– ³³⁸ ^, ³⁴⁰ ^, ³⁴² ^– ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁴⁸ ^– ³⁵⁵ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶⁰ ^– ³⁶² ^, ³⁶⁴ ^– ³⁶⁸ ^, ³⁷⁰ ^, ³⁷² ^– ³⁷⁷ ^, ³⁷⁹	307 (83.7)^a
Country income level^b
Low income	²⁰ ^, ²¹ ^, ³⁸ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁵ ^, ⁷⁷ ^, ¹¹¹ ^, ¹²⁷ ^, ¹²⁹ ^, ¹⁴⁴ ^, ¹⁴⁶ ^, ¹⁷⁰ ^, ¹⁸³ ^, ²³⁰ ^, ²⁴⁵ ^, ²⁴⁹ ^, ²⁵⁶ ^, ²⁶² ^, ³¹⁶ ^, ³³⁷ ^, ³⁴³	21 (6.8)
Lower-middle income	¹⁶ ^, ²³ ^, ²⁵ ^, ²⁸ ^, ³¹ ^, ⁴⁵ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ⁷¹ ^, ⁷² ^, ⁷⁴ ^, ⁷⁸ ^, ⁷⁹ ^, ⁸¹ ^, ⁸⁵ ^, ⁹³ ^, ¹²² ^, ¹²⁴ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³¹ ^, ¹³⁴ ^, ¹⁴⁵ ^, ¹⁵⁰ ^, ¹⁵⁹ ^, ¹⁶⁷ ^, ¹⁶⁸ ^, ¹⁷⁵ ^, ¹⁷⁹ ^, ¹⁸¹ ^, ¹⁸² ^, ¹⁸⁵ ^, ¹⁸⁶ ^, ¹⁹¹ ^, ¹⁹⁷ ^, ²²⁰ ^, ²²⁶ ^, ²²⁹ ^, ²³⁴ ^, ²³⁵ ^, ²⁴⁰ ^, ²⁴¹ ^, ²⁵² ^, ²⁵³ ^, ²⁶¹ ^, ²⁶³ ^, ²⁸¹ ^, ²⁸⁴ ^, ²⁸⁷ ^, ²⁸⁸ ^, ²⁹³ ^, ²⁹⁵ ^, ²⁹⁸ ^, ³⁰¹ ^, ³⁰² ^, ³⁰⁷ ^, ³⁰⁸ ^, ³¹⁰ ^– ³¹² ^, ³¹⁵ ^, ³¹⁹ ^, ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁵³	63 (20.5)
Upper-middle income	¹⁵ ^, ¹⁹ ^, ²² ^, ²⁶ ^, ³⁰ ^, ³² ^– ³⁷ ^, ³⁹ ^– ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁴⁹ ^– ⁵¹ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁶ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ⁵⁹ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁶² ^, ⁶³ ^, ⁶⁶ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁷⁶ ^, ⁸⁰ ^, ⁸² ^, ⁸⁴ ^, ⁸⁷ ^– ⁹⁰ ^, ⁹² ^, ⁹⁴ ^– ⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁰ ^– ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^– ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ^, ¹¹² ^, ¹¹³ ^, ¹¹⁵ ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹²⁰ ^, ¹²¹ ^, ¹²³ ^, ¹²⁵ ^, ¹²⁶ ^, ¹²⁸ ^, ¹³² ^, ¹³³ ^, ¹³⁵ ^– ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴¹ ^– ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁴⁷ ^, ¹⁴⁹ ^, ¹⁵¹ ^– ¹⁵⁴ ^, ¹⁵⁷ ^, ¹⁵⁸ ^, ¹⁶⁰ ^– ¹⁶³ ^, ¹⁶⁵ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁷¹ ^– ¹⁷⁴ ^, ¹⁷⁷ ^, ¹⁷⁸ ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁸⁷ ^– ¹⁹⁰ ^, ¹⁹⁵ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁸ ^– ²⁰⁰ ^, ²⁰² ^– ²⁰⁸ ^, ²¹¹ ^– ²¹⁴ ^, ²¹⁶ ^– ²¹⁹ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²³ ^– ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²²⁸ ^, ²³² ^, ²³³ ^, ²³⁷ ^– ²³⁹ ^, ²⁴³ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵⁴ ^, ²⁵⁵ ^, ²⁵⁷ ^– ²⁵⁹ ^, ²⁶⁴ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^– ²⁷⁰ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷³ ^, ²⁷⁶ ^– ²⁸⁰ ^, ²⁸² ^, ²⁸⁵ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ²⁸⁹ ^– ²⁹² ^, ²⁹⁴ ^, ²⁹⁶ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰³ ^– ³⁰⁶ ^, ³⁰⁹ ^, ³¹⁴ ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³¹⁸ ^, ³²⁰ ^– ³²⁵ ^, ³²⁷ ^, ³²⁸ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁴ ^, ³³⁶ ^, ³³⁸ ^, ³⁴⁰ ^, ³⁴² ^, ³⁴⁴ ^, ³⁴⁵ ^, ³⁴⁸ ^– ³⁵² ^, ³⁵⁴ ^, ³⁵⁵ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶⁰ ^– ³⁶² ^, ³⁶⁴ ^– ³⁶⁸ ^, ³⁷⁰ ^, ³⁷² ^– ³⁷⁷ ^, ³⁷⁹	205 (66.8)
Medication class
Antimicrobials	¹⁵ ^, ²¹ ^– ²⁶ ^, ²⁸ ^, ³⁰ ^, ³⁸ ^, ⁴⁵ ^, ⁴⁹ ^, ⁵⁰ ^, ⁵³ ^, ⁵⁶ ^, ⁵⁸ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁷¹ ^, ⁷³ ^, ⁷⁵ ^, ⁸⁰ ^, ⁸¹ ^, ⁸⁴ ^, ⁸⁷ ^, ⁸⁸ ^, ⁹⁵ ^– ⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁰ ^, ¹⁰¹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ^, ¹¹¹ ^, ¹¹³ ^, ¹²⁰ ^– ¹²⁹ ^, ¹³⁵ ^, ¹⁴¹ ^, ¹⁴⁴ ^, ¹⁴⁷ ^, ¹⁴⁹ ^, ¹⁶³ ^, ¹⁶⁷ ^– ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁷¹ ^, ¹⁷⁵ ^, ¹⁷⁹ ^, ¹⁸⁵ ^, ¹⁸⁷ ^, ²⁰² ^, ²⁰³ ^, ²⁰⁵ ^, ²²² ^, ²²³ ^, ²²⁸ ^, ²³⁰ ^, ²³⁴ ^, ²³⁵ ^, ²⁴⁵ ^, ²⁴⁹ ^, ²⁵² ^, ²⁵⁵ ^, ²⁵⁶ ^, ²⁶³ ^, ²⁶⁴ ^, ²⁶⁹ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷⁹ ^, ²⁸² ^, ²⁸⁵ ^, ²⁸⁷ ^, ²⁸⁸ ^, ²⁹⁰ ^, ²⁹³ ^– ²⁹⁶ ^, ²⁹⁸ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰⁷ ^, ³⁰⁹ ^, ³¹⁴ ^– ³¹⁶ ^, ³¹⁹ ^, ³²⁶ ^– ³²⁸ ^, ³³² ^, ³⁴³ ^, ³⁵⁰ ^, ³⁵³ ^, ³⁶⁰ ^, ³⁶² ^, ³⁶⁴ ^, ³⁶⁶ ^– ³⁶⁸ ^, ³⁷⁶	110 (35.8)
Low-income country	²¹ ^, ³⁸ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁵ ^, ¹¹¹ ^, ¹²⁷ ^, ¹²⁹ ^, ¹⁴⁴ ^, ²³⁰ ^, ²⁴⁵ ^, ²⁴⁹ ^, ²⁵⁶ ^, ³¹⁶ ^, ³⁴³	14 (12.7)
Lower-middle-income country	²³ ^, ²⁵ ^, ²⁸ ^, ⁴⁵ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ⁷¹ ^, ⁸¹ ^, ¹²² ^, ¹²⁴ ^, ¹⁶⁷ ^, ¹⁶⁸ ^, ¹⁷⁵ ^, ¹⁷⁹ ^, ¹⁸⁵ ^, ²³⁴ ^, ²³⁵ ^, ²⁵² ^, ²⁶³ ^, ²⁸⁷ ^, ²⁸⁸ ^, ²⁹³ ^, ²⁹⁵ ^, ²⁹⁸ ^, ³⁰⁷ ^, ³¹⁵ ^, ³¹⁹ ^, ³⁵³	28 (25.5)
Upper-middle income country	¹⁵ ^, ²² ^, ²⁶ ^, ³⁰ ^, ⁴⁹ ^, ⁵⁰ ^, ⁵⁶ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁸⁰ ^, ⁸⁴ ^, ⁸⁷ ^, ⁸⁸ ^, ⁹⁵ ^– ⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁰ ^, ¹⁰¹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ^, ¹¹³ ^, ¹²⁰ ^, ¹²¹ ^, ¹²³ ^, ¹²⁵ ^, ¹²⁶ ^, ¹²⁸ ^, ¹³⁵ ^, ¹⁴¹ ^, ¹⁴⁷ ^, ¹⁴⁹ ^, ¹⁶³ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁷¹ ^, ¹⁸⁷ ^, ²⁰² ^, ²⁰³ ^, ²⁰⁵ ^, ²²³ ^, ²²⁸ ^, ²⁵⁵ ^, ²⁶⁴ ^, ²⁶⁹ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷⁹ ^, ²⁸² ^, ²⁸⁵ ^, ²⁹⁰ ^, ²⁹⁴ ^, ²⁹⁶ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰⁹ ^, ³¹⁴ ^, ³²⁷ ^, ³²⁸ ^, ³⁵⁰ ^, ³⁶⁰ ^, ³⁶² ^, ³⁶⁴ ^, ³⁶⁶ ^– ³⁶⁸ ^, ³⁷⁶	61 (55.5)
Psychotropic drugs^c	¹⁹ ^, ³¹ ^, ³⁴ ^– ³⁷ ^, ⁴⁰ ^, ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁶³ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁹² ^, ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^, ¹⁰⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹³¹ ^– ¹³³ ^, ¹³⁶ ^– ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴² ^, ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁵⁷ ^, ¹⁵⁸ ^, ¹⁶⁰ ^, ¹⁶¹ ^, ¹⁶⁸ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁷⁴ ^, ¹⁷⁸ ^, ¹⁸¹ ^, ¹⁸² ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁹ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²⁰⁶ ^, ²⁰⁸ ^, ²¹³ ^, ²¹⁶ ^– ²¹⁹ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²³² ^, ²³⁸ ^, ²³⁹ ^, ²⁴¹ ^, ²⁴³ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵³ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^, ²⁷⁰ ^– ²⁷² ^, ²⁷⁶ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ²⁸⁹ ^, ²⁹⁷ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰² ^, ³⁰⁴ ^, ³⁰⁵ ^, ³¹¹ ^, ³¹² ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³¹⁸ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁶ ^, ³⁴⁸ ^, ³⁴⁹ ^, ³⁵² ^, ³⁵⁴ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶¹ ^, ³⁷⁴ ^, ³⁷⁵ ^, ³⁷⁹	89 (30.0)
Low-income country	N/A	0 (0.0)
Lower-middle income country	³¹ ^, ¹³¹ ^, ¹⁶⁸ ^, ¹⁸¹ ^, ¹⁸² ^, ²⁴¹ ^, ²⁵³ ^, ³⁰² ^, ³¹¹ ^, ³¹²	10 (11.2)
Upper-middle income country	¹⁹ ^, ³⁴ ^– ³⁷ ^, ⁴⁰ ^, ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁶³ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁹² ^, ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^, ¹⁰⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹³² ^, ¹³³ ^, ¹³⁶ ^– ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴² ^, ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁵⁷ ^, ¹⁵⁸ ^, ¹⁶⁰ ^, ¹⁶¹ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁷⁴ ^, ¹⁷⁸ ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁹ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²⁰⁶ ^, ²⁰⁸ ^, ²¹³ ^, ²¹⁶ ^– ²¹⁹ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²³² ^, ²³⁸ ^, ²³⁹ ^, ²⁴³ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^, ²⁷⁰ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷⁶ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ²⁸⁹ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰⁴ ^, ³⁰⁵ ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³¹⁸ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁶ ^, ³⁴⁸ ^, ³⁴⁹ ^, ³⁵² ^, ³⁵⁴ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶¹ ^, ³⁷⁴ ^, ³⁷⁵ ^, ³⁷⁹	77 (86.5)
Antihypertensive	²⁰ ^, ²⁵ ^, ³³ ^, ³⁴ ^, ³⁶ ^, ³⁹ ^, ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁷⁷ ^, ⁸⁰ ^, ⁸⁹ ^, ⁹² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^, ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹¹² ^, ¹³² ^, ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁴⁶ ^, ¹⁵⁰ ^, ¹⁵⁸ ^, ¹⁶⁰ ^– ¹⁶² ^, ¹⁶⁵ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁸² ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁹⁹ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²⁰⁶ ^, ²⁰⁸ ^, ²¹³ ^, ²¹⁶ ^– ²¹⁸ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²²⁹ ^, ²³⁸ ^, ²³⁹ ^, ²⁴³ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵⁸ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷⁷ ^, ²⁹¹ ^, ²⁹⁷ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰² ^, ³⁰⁵ ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³²⁰ ^– ³²² ^, ³²⁴ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁴ ^, ³³⁷ ^, ³³⁸ ^, ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁴⁹ ^, ³⁵² ^, ³⁵³ ^, ³⁷⁰ ^, ³⁷⁴ ^, ³⁷⁵ ^, ³⁷⁹	74 (24.1)
Analgesics and steroids	¹⁹ ^, ²⁵ ^, ³¹ ^, ³⁴ ^, ³⁶ ^, ³⁹ ^, ⁴⁰ ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁰ ^, ⁸⁰ ^, ⁸⁸ ^, ⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^, ¹⁰⁶ ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹³¹ ^, ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴⁰ ^, ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁴⁶ ^, ¹⁵⁰ ^, ¹⁵² ^, ¹⁵⁹ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁸⁰ ^– ¹⁸² ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁵ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁸ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²¹³ ^, ²²⁶ ^, ²²⁹ ^, ²³⁸ ^, ²³⁹ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵⁷ ^, ²⁷² ^, ²⁷³ ^, ²⁷⁶ ^, ²⁷⁷ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ²⁹¹ ^, ²⁹⁷ ^, ³⁰⁰ ^, ³⁰² ^– ³⁰⁴ ^, ³¹⁰ ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³²⁵ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁶ ^, ³³⁷ ^, ³⁴⁰ ^, ³⁴⁴ ^, ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁴⁹ ^, ³⁵² ^– ³⁵⁴ ^, ³⁷⁵	67 (21.8)
Proton pump inhibitors and antacids	³³ ^, ³⁹ ^– ⁴² ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁷⁹ ^, ⁸² ^, ⁸⁹ ^, ⁹⁰ ^, ⁹⁴ ^, ⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁹ ^, ¹³² ^, ¹³⁴ ^, ¹⁶⁵ ^, ¹⁷³ ^, ¹⁷⁸ ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ²⁰⁰ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²¹² ^, ²¹⁸ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²³⁷ ^, ²⁴¹ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^, ²⁷⁶ ^, ²⁷⁷ ^, ²⁸⁰ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ³⁰³ ^, ³¹⁰ ^, ³¹² ^, ³³⁶ ^, ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁵² ^, ³⁵³ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶¹ ^, ³⁶⁵ ^, ³⁷⁴ ^, ³⁷⁵	48 (15.6)
Methods for assessing overuse
Local professional norms or guidelines	¹⁶ ^, ²² ^– ²⁵ ^, ³² ^, ³⁵ ^, ⁴¹ ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁴⁹ ^, ⁵³ ^, ⁵⁸ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶⁶ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ⁷⁰ ^– ⁷³ ^, ⁷⁶ ^, ⁸¹ ^– ⁸³ ^, ⁸⁵ ^, ⁸⁷ ^, ⁸⁸ ^, ⁹⁰ ^, ⁹³ ^– ⁹⁵ ^, ⁹⁷ ^, ¹⁰⁰ ^, ¹⁰¹ ^, ¹¹⁰ ^, ¹¹³ ^, ¹¹⁵ ^, ¹²⁰ ^, ¹²³ ^– ¹²⁶ ^, ¹²⁸ ^, ¹²⁹ ^, ¹³⁴ ^, ¹⁴¹ ^, ¹⁵¹ ^– ¹⁵⁴ ^, ¹⁶⁰ ^, ¹⁶¹ ^, ¹⁶³ ^, ¹⁶⁷ ^, ¹⁶⁸ ^, ¹⁷⁰ ^, ¹⁷² ^, ¹⁷⁵ ^, ¹⁷⁷ ^– ¹⁸¹ ^, ¹⁸³ ^, ¹⁸⁵ ^, ¹⁹⁵ ^, ¹⁹⁷ ^, ²⁰² ^, ²⁰⁵ ^, ²⁰⁷ ^, ²¹¹ ^, ²¹⁴ ^, ²¹⁹ ^, ²²¹ ^, ²²⁴ ^, ²²⁶ ^, ²²⁸ ^, ²³⁰ ^, ²³⁷ ^, ²⁴⁸ ^, ²⁵⁷ ^, ²⁶¹ ^, ²⁶² ^, ²⁶⁴ ^, ²⁶⁶ ^, ²⁸² ^, ²⁸⁴ ^, ²⁸⁵ ^, ²⁸⁷ ^– ²⁹⁰ ^, ²⁹⁴ ^, ²⁹⁵ ^, ²⁹⁸ ^, ³⁰⁶ ^, ³⁰⁷ ^, ³⁰⁹ ^, ³¹⁶ ^, ³¹⁹ ^, ³²³ ^, ³²⁵ ^, ³²⁶ ^, ³²⁸ ^, ³³⁴ ^, ³⁴³ ^, ³⁴⁵ ^, ³⁵⁰ ^, ³⁵³ ^, ³⁶⁰ ^, ³⁶² ^, ³⁶⁸ ^, ³⁷⁶ ^, ³⁷⁷	114 (37.1)
Beers criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults	¹⁹ ^, ³¹ ^, ³⁶ ^, ³⁹ ^, ⁴⁰ ^, ⁵¹ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁶³ ^, ⁷⁷ ^– ⁷⁹ ^, ⁸⁹ ^, ⁹² ^, ⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁴ ^– ¹⁰⁶ ^, ¹⁰⁹ ^, ¹¹² ^, ¹¹⁶ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³¹ ^, ¹³³ ^, ¹³⁶ ^– ¹³⁸ ^, ¹⁴² ^, ¹⁴³ ^, ¹⁵⁰ ^, ¹⁵⁸ ^– ¹⁶¹ ^, ¹⁶⁵ ^, ¹⁶⁹ ^, ¹⁸² ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁹¹ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁹ ^, ²⁰⁶ ^, ²¹³ ^, ²¹⁶ ^, ²¹⁸ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁷ ^, ²²⁹ ^, ²³⁸ ^, ²³⁹ ^, ²⁵³ ^, ²⁵⁴ ^, ²⁵⁸ ^, ²⁵⁹ ^, ²⁷⁰ ^, ²⁷¹ ^, ²⁸¹ ^, ²⁸⁶ ^, ²⁹¹ ^, ²⁹⁷ ^, ³⁰¹ ^, ³⁰² ^, ³⁰⁵ ^, ³¹⁰ ^– ³¹² ^, ³²⁴ ^, ³³⁰ ^, ³³⁷ ^, ³⁴⁶ ^, ³⁴⁹ ^, ³⁵² ^, ³⁵⁴ ^, ³⁵⁸ ^, ³⁶¹ ^, ³⁷³ ^, ³⁷⁵	80 (26.1)
Screening tool of older persons’ prescriptions	²⁰ ^, ³³ ^, ³⁴ ^, ⁵⁹ ^, ⁶⁰ ^, ⁷⁸ ^, ¹⁰² ^, ¹⁰⁷ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³² ^, ¹³³ ^, ¹⁴² ^, ¹⁴⁶ ^, ¹⁶¹ ^, ¹⁸⁴ ^, ¹⁸⁸ ^, ¹⁹⁶ ^, ¹⁹⁹ ^, ²⁰⁴ ^, ²¹⁷ ^, ²¹⁸ ^, ²²⁵ ^, ²²⁹ ^, ²⁴³ ^, ²⁵⁰ ^, ²⁵³ ^, ²⁵⁴ ^, ²⁵⁸ ^, ³¹¹ ^, ³¹⁷ ^, ³³⁷ ^, ³⁵²	32 (10.4)

N/A: not applicable.

^a The denominator is all 367 studies included in the scoping review.

^b Including only single country studies.

^c Including anti-anxiety, antidepressants and antipsychotics.