Table 5.
The interactive effect of excessive screen time and early screen exposure with children’s HRQOL scores and behavioral problems
| Screen time ≤ 1 h/d and Age at first screen use ≥ 2 years N = 2881 |
Screen time ≤ 1 h/d and Age at first screen use < 2 years N = 370 |
Screen time > 1 h/d and Age at first screen use ≥ 2 years N = 1512 |
Screen time > 1 h/d and Age at first screen use < 2 years N = 222 |
p value for interaction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRQOL | Reference | β (95%CI) | p value | β (95%CI) | p value | β (95%CI) | p value | |
| Emotional functioning | 0 | −2.31 (−3.62, −1.01) | 0.001 | −1.39 (−2.15, −0.62) | < 0.001 | − 3.12 (−4.77, − 1.46) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 |
| Social functioning | 0 | −1.00 (− 2.21, 0.21) | 0.104 | − 1.28 (− 1.99, − 0.58) | < 0.001 | − 0.53 (− 2.06, 0.99) | 0.494 | > 0.05 |
| School functioning | 0 | − 0.89 (− 2.44, 0.65) | 0.258 | −1.50 (− 2.40, − 0.59) | 0.001 | 0.15 (− 1.81, 2.10) | 0.884 | > 0.05 |
| Physical functioning | 0 | 0.91 (−1.23, 3.06) | 0.404 | −1.58 (− 2.84, − 0.32) | 0.014 | − 0.55 (− 3.27, 2.17) | 0.692 | > 0.05 |
| Psychosocial health summary score | 0 | −1.40 (− 2.31, − 0.50) | 0.002 | − 1.39 (− 1.92, − 0.86) | < 0.001 | − 1.17 (− 2.32, − 0.02) | 0.046 | > 0.05 |
| Total scale score | 0 | − 0.82 (− 1.78, 0.14) | 0.093 | − 1.44 (− 2.00, − 0.87) | < 0.001 | −1.01 (− 2.23, 0.20) | 0.102 | > 0.05 |
| Behavioral problems | Reference | OR (95%CI) | p value | OR (95%CI) | p value | OR (95%CI) | p value | |
| Conduct problems | 1 | 1.25 (0.87, 1.82) | 0.231 | 1.31 (1.05, 1.63) | 0.015 | 2.77 (1.92, 4.01) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 |
| Learning problems | 1 | 1.44 (1.08, 1.91) | 0.013 | 1.53 (1.30, 1.81) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.32, 2.56) | < 0.001 | > 0.05 |
| Psychosomatic problems | 1 | 1.49 (1.16, 1.93) | 0.002 | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47) | 0.004 | 1.60 (1.17, 2.19) | 0.003 | > 0.05 |
| Impulsive-hyperactive | 1 | 1.38 (1.00, 1.91) | 0.050 | 1.63 (1.36, 1.96) | < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.47, 2.98) | < 0.001 | > 0.05 |
| Anxiety | 1 | 1.12 (0.81, 1.57) | 0.488 | 1.28 (1.05, 1.55) | 0.014 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) | 0.731 | > 0.05 |
| Hyperactivity index | 1 | 1.63 (1.16, 2.29) | 0.005 | 1.51 (1.23, 1.85) | < 0.001 | 2.26 (1.55, 3.30) | < 0.001 | > 0.05 |
Models were controlled for children’s age, gender, status of single child, primary caregiver, parental age, marital status, education level, monthly per-capita income, family harmony level, parenting styles, and parental negative emotional states