Table 1.

Etiologies of third cranial nerve palsy based on anatomical localization

Anatomical localization	Etiologies
Nuclear	Infarction Hemorrhage Cavernoma Demyelination: Multiple sclerosis, NMOSD, ADEM Tumors: Lymphoma, glioma, metastasis Trauma Neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma
Fascicle	Infarction Hemorrhage Cavernoma Tumors: Lymphoma, glioma, metastasis Demyelination: Multiple sclerosis, NMOSD, ADEM Neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma, toxoplasma, listeria
Subarachnoid space	Aneurysmal of PCOM, basilar, internal carotid, posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar artery Microvascular ischemia (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis) Meningeal inflammation: tubercular meningitis, cryptococcal meningitis, neuroborreliosis, carcinomatous/lymphomatous meningitis Hypertrophic meningitis: Sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease, Wegner’s granulomatosis, Sjogren’s syndrome Postinfectious neuropathy Ophthalmoplegic migraine Subarachnoid hemorrhage Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Benign intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalous Vascular ectasias Tumors: Meningioma, chordoma, metastasis Head trauma Neurosurgical procedures Uncal herniation Miller Fisher syndrome
Cavernous sinus	Inflammatory: THS, sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease, Wegner’s granulomatosis Tumors: pituitary macroadenoma, meningioma, lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, metastasis Infection: Mucormycosis, aspergillosis, tuberculoma Aneurysm from the internal carotid artery, carotid-cavernous fistula Pituitary apoplexy Mucocele of the sphenoid sinus
Orbit	Infection: Aspergillosis, mucormycosis, pyogenic orbital cellulitis, tuberculosis of orbit Tumors Inflammatory, granulomatous: Sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease Orbital trauma
Localization unknown	Migraine, congenital, postviral palsy, idiopathic palsies, postradiation, Miller Fisher syndrome