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. 2022 Dec 27;20:293. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01489-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Co-evolution of the catalytic efficiency of AID with WRC enrichment in the Ig variable gene sequences in Gadidae species. A Substrate sequence preference of Gm-AID compared to that of other AID orthologs as determined by the statistical analyses of the difference observed between substrates of varying sequences’ relative deamination efficiency by various AID orthologs in the alkaline cleavage assay such as shown in Fig. 3B. The statistical difference between AID orthologs were calculated using the independent samples Rruskal-Wallis test. The null hypothesis was considered as the distribution is the same between each pair of samples (n = 6; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.005; ****: p < 0.001). Abbreviations: Gm-AID: Atlantic cod AID; Dr-AID: zebrafish AID; Ip-AID: channel catfish AID; Hs-AID: human AID. To assess the co-evolution of AID activity with IgV_H sequences in Gadidae species, enrichment of B WRC motifs (AID hotspots on both strands) and C WGCW motifs (overlapping AID hotspots on two strands) in CDRs of Gadidae species were compared to that of several other vertebrate species. The number of WRC/GYW or WGCW motifs were counted and normalized to the number of analyzed nucleotides. For each species, the average normalized value for CDR1 and CDR2 was divided by the average value of this number for FR1, 2, and 3. Abbreviations: Bs: B. saida; Ga: G. argenteus; Ag: A. glacialis; Ma: M. aeglefinus; Llo: L. lota; Pp: P. phycis; Gm: G. morhua; Dr: D. rerio; Ss: S. salar; Ip: I. punctatus; Tr: T. rubripes; Gc: G. cirratum; Xl: X. laevis; Gg: G. gallus; Mm: M. musculus; Hs: H. sapiens