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. 2022 Dec 27;20:494. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02672-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Severe visceral fat tissue inflammation in response to structural disruption. Excessive enlargement of adipocytes in response to chronic overnutrition eventually causes structural damage with dying adipocytes and cell senescence as hallmarks. The phagocytotic capacity of macrophages is overwhelmed and released DAMPS strongly activate resident immune and endothelial cells resulting in the attraction of virtually all types of immune cells. Their pro-inflammatory activation also stimulates anti-inflammatory activities. Another structural change is the accumulation of senescent cells, mostly macrophages, pre-adipocytes, mature adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Senescent cells secrete pro-inflammatory mediators and enhance the accumulation of immune cells from circulation. ATM, adipose tissue macrophages; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; Mono, monocytes; EC, endothelial cell; CD8⁺, CD8-positive T cells