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. 2022 Jul 4;20(4):739–751. doi: 10.1111/vco.12827

TABLE 2.

Prognostic molecular markers for canine melanocytic tumours

Marker(s) Samples a ‐tumour location b Methods c Type of cells marked Prognostic significance d References
Ki67 (Ki67 index and Ki67 count) T‐CM, OM IHC Proliferating tumour cells Strong 1, 4, 12, 20, 27, 31, 37
Survivin T‐CM, OM IHC, RT‐qPCR Proliferating/resisting to apoptosis tumour cells To be confirmed 3, 37
H2AFZ T‐CM, OM RT‐qPCR Proliferating tumour cells To be confirmed 37
RACK1 T‐CM, melanocytoma IHC Tumour cells To be confirmed 4
FoxP3, IDO, and CTLA‐4 T‐CM, OM IHC, flow cytometry Treg (regulatory T cells) To be confirmed 24, 41, 48
CD20+ T‐CM, OM IHC TILs (B cells) To be confirmed 40
KIT, c‐Kit T‐CM, OM IHC, mutation status Tumour cells Absent 8, 10, 14, 18, 36
S100A4 T‐CM IHC Tumour cells Absent 9

E‐cadherin

β‐catenin

T‐CM, OM IHC, RT‐qPCR Tumour cells To be confirmed 3, 11, 43
COX‐1 and COX‐2 T‐CM, OM, OcM IHC Tumour cells To be confirmed 15
P‐glycoprotein 1 T‐CM, OM Tumour cells To be confirmed 5
PDGFR‐α and ‐β T‐OM IHC Tumour cells To be confirmed 12
KMO, STAT3, pSTAT3 T‐CM, OM, OcM, DM IHC Tumour cells To be confirmed 39
Somatic focal amplification of chromosome 30(CFA 30) T‐OM qPCR Tumour cells To be confirmed 42
PCNA and Connexins (Cx26 and Cx43) T‐OM (melanotic & amelanotic variant) IHC, IF, RT‐qPCR, & Western blot Tumour cells To be confirmed 19
MCAM/CD146 T‐OM, CM, OcM, AM IHC Tumour cells Absent 21
activation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways T‐OM Micro‐array & mutational analysis Tumour cells Not a prognostic study 6
nBAP1 T‐OM IHC Tumour cells Absent 22
Cyclin D1 T‐OM IHC Proliferating tumour cells Possible 49
Galectin‐3 T‐OM IHC Tumour cells resistant to apoptosis Possible 47
BCL‐2 T‐OM IHC Tumour cells resistant to apoptosis Absent 47
Caspase 3 T‐OM IHC Tumour apoptotic cells Absent 47
MAGE‐A T‐OM IHC Tumour cells Absent 38
a

Samples: T, tissue.

b

Tumour location: CM, cutaneous melanoma; OM, oral melanoma; OcM, ocular melanoma; AM, anal melanoma; DM, digit melanoma.

c

Methods: IHC, immunohistochemistry; ICC, immunocytochemistry; IF, immunofluorescence; RT‐qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR.

d

Prognostic significance: Strong: several studies demonstrated the correlation with the levels of expression of the marker with main prognostic factors (clinical and pathological). To be confirmed: authors show a statistically significant association of the marker with more than one (clinical and pathological) factor. Possible: the authors observed a significant correlation of the marker's expression with one (clinical or pathological) parameter or a tendency towards the association (closer to the statistical significance). Absent: no (statistically significant) correlation of the levels of expression of the marker has been reported by more than one author.