TABLE 2.
Marker(s) | Samples a ‐tumour location b | Methods c | Type of cells marked | Prognostic significance d | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ki67 (Ki67 index and Ki67 count) | T‐CM, OM | IHC | Proliferating tumour cells | Strong | 1, 4, 12, 20, 27, 31, 37 |
Survivin | T‐CM, OM | IHC, RT‐qPCR | Proliferating/resisting to apoptosis tumour cells | To be confirmed | 3, 37 |
H2AFZ | T‐CM, OM | RT‐qPCR | Proliferating tumour cells | To be confirmed | 37 |
RACK1 | T‐CM, melanocytoma | IHC | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 4 |
FoxP3, IDO, and CTLA‐4 | T‐CM, OM | IHC, flow cytometry | Treg (regulatory T cells) | To be confirmed | 24, 41, 48 |
CD20+ | T‐CM, OM | IHC | TILs (B cells) | To be confirmed | 40 |
KIT, c‐Kit | T‐CM, OM | IHC, mutation status | Tumour cells | Absent | 8, 10, 14, 18, 36 |
S100A4 | T‐CM | IHC | Tumour cells | Absent | 9 |
E‐cadherin β‐catenin |
T‐CM, OM | IHC, RT‐qPCR | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 3, 11, 43 |
COX‐1 and COX‐2 | T‐CM, OM, OcM | IHC | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 15 |
P‐glycoprotein 1 | T‐CM, OM | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 5 | |
PDGFR‐α and ‐β | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 12 |
KMO, STAT3, pSTAT3 | T‐CM, OM, OcM, DM | IHC | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 39 |
Somatic focal amplification of chromosome 30(CFA 30) | T‐OM | qPCR | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 42 |
PCNA and Connexins (Cx26 and Cx43) | T‐OM (melanotic & amelanotic variant) | IHC, IF, RT‐qPCR, & Western blot | Tumour cells | To be confirmed | 19 |
MCAM/CD146 | T‐OM, CM, OcM, AM | IHC | Tumour cells | Absent | 21 |
activation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways | T‐OM | Micro‐array & mutational analysis | Tumour cells | Not a prognostic study | 6 |
nBAP1 | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour cells | Absent | 22 |
Cyclin D1 | T‐OM | IHC | Proliferating tumour cells | Possible | 49 |
Galectin‐3 | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour cells resistant to apoptosis | Possible | 47 |
BCL‐2 | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour cells resistant to apoptosis | Absent | 47 |
Caspase 3 | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour apoptotic cells | Absent | 47 |
MAGE‐A | T‐OM | IHC | Tumour cells | Absent | 38 |
Samples: T, tissue.
Tumour location: CM, cutaneous melanoma; OM, oral melanoma; OcM, ocular melanoma; AM, anal melanoma; DM, digit melanoma.
Methods: IHC, immunohistochemistry; ICC, immunocytochemistry; IF, immunofluorescence; RT‐qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR.
Prognostic significance: Strong: several studies demonstrated the correlation with the levels of expression of the marker with main prognostic factors (clinical and pathological). To be confirmed: authors show a statistically significant association of the marker with more than one (clinical and pathological) factor. Possible: the authors observed a significant correlation of the marker's expression with one (clinical or pathological) parameter or a tendency towards the association (closer to the statistical significance). Absent: no (statistically significant) correlation of the levels of expression of the marker has been reported by more than one author.