Table 3. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a study to ascertain cumulative SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, after the second COVID-19 wave*.
| Characteristic | Total no. | Seropositive, no. (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| F | 1,369 | 1,005 (73.8) | Referent | Referent | |
| M |
1,107 |
780 (70.1) |
0.83 (0.64–1.07) |
0.83 (0.62–1.06) |
|
| Geographic area | |||||
| Western | 1,724 | 1,291 (74.3) | Referent | Referent | |
| Eastern |
752 |
494 (68.3) |
0.74 (0.58–0.95) |
0.81 (0.61–1.07) |
|
| Age, y | |||||
| 0–4 | 32 | 22 (70.8) | Referent | Referent | |
| 5–9 | 165 | 98 (60.2) | 0.62 (0.29–1.33) | 0.38 (0.15–0.96) | |
| 10–14 | 255 | 163 (61.8) | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | 0.33 (0.12–0.91) | |
| 15–19 | 258 | 187 (72.4) | 1.08 (0.51–2.27) | 0.40 (0.15 –1.06) | |
| 20–29 | 497 | 364 (72.7) | 1.10 (0.53–2.26) | 0.39 (0.14–1.04) | |
| 30–39 | 393 | 295 (74.8) | 1.22 (0.57–2.62) | 0.42 (0.15–1.18) | |
| 40–49 | 349 | 272 (78.6) | 1.51 (0.71–3.19) | 0.52 (0.19–1.44) | |
| 50–59 | 265 | 194 (74.0) | 1.17 (0.53–2.63) | 0.40 (0.15–1.08) | |
| 60–69 | 179 | 131 (73.4) | 1.14 (0.54–2.39) | 0.41 (0.16–1.03) | |
| 70–79 | 69 | 51 (76.6) | 1.35 (0.51–3.56) | 0.63 (0.24–1.68) | |
| ≥80 |
14 |
8 (65.5) |
0.78 (0.23–2.63) |
0.39 (0.09–1.61) |
|
| Household average monthly income, US $ | |||||
| 1–50 | 602 | 386 (66.8) | Referent | Referent | |
| 51–250 | 1,471 | 1,099 (74.2) | 1.42 (1.12–1.80) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | |
| 251–500 | 335 | 259 (75.3) | 1.50 (0.98–2.33) | 1.16 (0.73–1.82) | |
| 501–1,000 | 53 | 35 (65.2) | 0.93 (0.46–1.85) | 0.81 (0.41–1.57) | |
| >1,000 |
5 |
1 (20.0) |
0.12 (0.04–0.36) |
0.12 (0.04–0.33) |
|
| Education | |||||
| No formal education | 66 | 41 (58.4) | Referent | Referent | |
| Primary | 457 | 281 (62.2) | 1.17 (0.56–2.44) | 1.73 (0.72–4.17) | |
| Junior-high school | 396 | 273 (69.7) | 1.63 (0.82–3.24) | 2.15 (0.88–5.23) | |
| High school | 782 | 595 (74.6) | 2.09 (1.04–4.17) | 2.44 (1.02–5.86) | |
| Secondary, (vocational | 263 | 203 (78.6) | 2.61 (1.23–5.52) | 3.02 (1.22–7.48) | |
| Higher, vocational | 46 | 37 (76.2) | 2.28 (1.07–4.83) | 2.75 (1.06–7.14) | |
| University |
466 |
355 (84.0) |
3.73 (1.10–2.67) |
4.33 (2.36–17.18) |
|
| Daily hand washing frequency | |||||
| <1 time | 466 | 297 (64.1) | Referent | Referent | |
| 1–2 times | 516 | 389 (75.4) | 1.72 (1.18–2.50) | 1.43 (0.89–2.31) | |
| 3–4 times | 362 | 248 (66.1) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 0.91 (0.59–1.41) | |
| 5–6 times | 190 | 143 (76.8) | 1.85 (1.30–2.64) | 1.41 (0.85–2.36) | |
| >6 times |
942 |
708 (74.8) |
1.66 (1.20–2.31) |
1.47 (0.92–2.36) |
|
| Face mask wearing | |||||
| Never | 398 | 247 (63.6) | Referent | Referent | |
| Rarely | 611 | 440 (71.6) | 1.43 (0.96–2.14) | 1.14 (0.66–1.96) | |
| Sometimes | 478 | 363 (74.8) | 1.69 (1.19–2.41) | 1.29 (0.80–2.07) | |
| Often | 640 | 477 (74.5) | 1.66 (1.15–2.39) | 1.22 (0.73–2.03) | |
| Always |
349 |
258 (74.1) |
1.63 (0.96–2.76) |
0.99 (0.51–1.96) |
|
| *OR, odds ratio. | |||||