Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Mean ± SD | ASD at baseline, n = 18 | ASD dobutamine, n = 16 | Controls at baseline, n = 16 | Controls dobutamine, n= 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51 ± 18** | 50 ± 19 | 35 ± 13 | 35 ± 13 |
| Sex (male/female) | 5/13 | 4/12 | 13/3 | 13/3 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
| Peak VO2 (ml/min/kg) | 25 ± 6**** | 46 ± 8 | ||
| Peak VO2 (% of predicted) | 102 ± 15**** | 133 ± 21 | ||
| HR (bpm) | 73 ± 11* | 123 ± 12*†††† | 65 ± 10 | 134 ± 12†††† |
| HR (% of predicted max) | 73 ± 10 | 73 ± 10 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 124 ± 23** | 147 ± 21††† | 122 ± 11 | 158 ± 22†††† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 16 | 78 ± 15 | 74 ± 10 | 87 ± 10††† |
| LV EDV (ml) | 139 ± 32**** | 126 ± 37** | 186 ± 28 | 162 ± 26†† |
| LV ESV (ml) | 63 ± 19** | 44 ± 17*†††† | 81 ± 17 | 51 ± 13†††† |
| LVSV (ml) | 77 ± 18**** | 82 ± 25*** | 104 ± 16 | 110 ± 17†† |
| LV EF (%) | 55 ± 7 | 65 ± 8†††† | 56 ± 5 | 68 ± 4†††† |
| LV CO (L/min) | 5.5 ± 1.4** | 9.8 ± 2.7****†††† | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 14.0 ± 1.6†††† |
| LV CI (L/min/m2) | 2.9 ± 0.5** | 5.3 ± 1.1****†††† | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 7.2 ± 0.9†††† |
| RV EDV (ml) | 323 ± 101*** | 238 ± 91*†††† | 212 ± 44 | 179 ± 33††† |
| RV ESV (ml) | 160 ± 59*** | 95 ± 51**†††† | 97 ± 28 | 55 ± 12†††† |
| RV SV (ml) | 162 ± 50** | 143 ± 56 | 115 ± 20 | 124 ± 25 |
| RV EF (%) | 51 ± 6* | 61 ± 11**††† | 56 ± 6 | 70 ± 4†††† |
| RV CO (L/min) | 11.7 ± 3.6*** | 17.5 ± 6.8††† | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 15.7 ± 2.5†††† |
| RV CI (L/min/m2) | 6.4 ± 2.2*** | 9.7 ± 3.3†††† | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 8.5 ± 1.5†††† |
| Qp/Qs | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.5†† | ‐ | ‐ |
Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 ASD at rest versus controls at rest or ASD at stress vs controls at stress.
† p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001, †††† p < 0.0001 ASD or controls at rest versus stress.
Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; BSA, body surface area; CI, cardiac index; CO, cardiac output; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end‐systolic volume; HR, heart rate; LV, left‐ventricular; peak VO2, peak oxygen uptake; Qp/Qs, pulmonary flow/systemic flow; RV, right‐ventricular; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SV, stroke volume.