Table 2.
Haemodynamic variables
| Mean ± SD | ASD at rest, n = 18 | ASD at stress, n = 16 | Controls, n = 16 | Controls at stress, n = 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke work (J) | 0.9 ± 0.3*** | 1.2 ± 0.4***† | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.4†††† |
| Potential energy (J) | 0.4 ± 0.2* | 0.3 ± 0.2†† | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2†† |
| Stroke work + potential energy (J) | 1.4 ± 0.4*** | 1.4 ± 0.7*** | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5†† |
| Ventricular efficiency (%) | 69 ± 8 | 77 ± 9†††† | 70 ± 4 | 82 ± 4†††† |
| External power (J/s) | 1.2 ± 0.4* | 2.3 ± 0.8****†††† | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.6†††† |
| Contractility, Emax (mmHg/ml) | 1.6 ± 0.6** | 2.6 ± 1.1*†††† | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.5†††† |
| Arterial elastance, Ea (mmHg/ml) | 1.5 ± 0.6** | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
| Ea/Emax | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2†††† | 1.0 ± 0.2± | 0.6 ± 0.1†††† |
| Energy per ejected volume (mJ/ml) | 18 ± 4 | 19 ± 3 | 17 ± 2 | 193 |
Note: p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 ASD at rest versus controls at rest or ASD at stress vs controls at stress.
† p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001, †††† p < 0.0001 ASD or controls at rest versus stress.
Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; SD, standard deviation.