TABLE 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

References	Intervention	Setting	Population	Minimum criteria for RC	Maximum criteria for RC	% RCBD	Current Episode
Antipsychotics
Tohen et al. 2006	Olanzapine vs. Placebo	IN/OP	BD‐I	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	50%	Euthymia
Baldessarini et al. 2003 a , b	Olanzapine vs. Placebo	VAR	BD‐I	DSM‐IV	n/a	35%	Mania, mixed
Sanger et al. 2003 a		IN/OP				100%	Mania, mixed
Suppes et al. 2014	Quetiapine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	≥4 episodes in last year	≥8 episodes in last year	27%	Depression
Cutler et al. 2011	Quetiapine vs. Placebo	IN/OP	BD‐I	DSM‐IV	≥8 episodes in last year	31%	Mania, mixed
Vieta et al. 2007 a	Quetiapine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	21%	Depression
Thase et al. 2006	Quetiapine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	31%	Depression
Muzina et al. 2008 a	Aripiprazole vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I	DSM‐IV	n/a	100%	Euthymia
Suppes et al. 2008b a , b	Aripiprazole vs. Placebo	IN/OP	BD‐I	DSM‐IV	n/a	20%	Mania/mixed
Bobo et al. 2011	Risperidone LAI vs. TAU	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	100%	Depression, (hypo)mania
Mood stabilisers
Kemp et al. 2012	Lamotrigine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	100%	Depression
Wang et al. 2010	Lamotrigine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	100%	Depression, mixed, (hypo)mania
Suppes et al. 2008	Lamotrigine vs. Lithium	OP	BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	72%	Depression
Calabrese et al. 2000 a	Lamotrigine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	100%	(partially) remitted
Goldsmith et al. 2003	Lamotrigine vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	>20 episodes in last year	100%	(partially) remitted
Walden et al. 2000	Lithium vs. Lamotrigine	OP	BD‐I	≥4 episodes in last year	>12 episodes in last year	100%	Mania
Antidepressants
Ghaemi et al. 2021	Citalopram vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	DSM‐IV	n/a	28%	Depression
Parker et al. 2006	Escitalopram vs. Placebo	CO	BD‐II	≥1 episode per month	n/a	100%	Depression, euthymia
Post et al. 2006 a	Venlafaxine vs. Bupropion vs. Sertraline	OP	BD‐I/II/NOS	DSM‐IV	n/a	27%	Depression
Other classes
Walshaw et al. 2018	Levothyroxine vs. T3 vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	100%	Depression, (hypo)mania
Keck et al. 2006	Ethyl‐EPA vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐I/II/NOS	DSM‐IV	n/a	51%	Depression, (hypo)mania
Lenz et al. 2016	CPT vs. Bibliotherapy	OP/IN	BD‐I/BD‐II c	≥8 episodes in last 2 years	n/a	16%	(partially) remitted
Multiple classes
Amsterdam et al. 2017 a	Venlafaxine vs. Lithium	OP	BD‐II	DSM‐IV & ≥4 episodes per year average	n/a	47%	Depression
Amsterdam et al. 2013	Fluoxetine vs. Lithium vs. Placebo	OP	BD‐II	≥4 episodes per year average	n/a	31%	Euthymia
Amsterdam et al. 2009	Venlafaxine vs. Lithium	OP	BD‐II	≥4 episodes per year average	n/a	32%	Depression
Suppes et al. 2005 a	Olanzapine vs. Divalproex	IN/OP	BD‐I/BD‐II	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	58%	Mania, mixed
Tohen et al. 2003	Olanzapine vs. Placebo vs. OFC	IN/OP	BD‐I	≥4 episodes in last year	n/a	37%	Depression
Langosch et al. 2008	Quetiapine vs. Na Val	NR	BD‐I/BDII	DSM‐IV	n/a	100%	(partially) remitted
McElroy et al. 2010	Quetiapine vs. Paroxetine vs. Placebo	NR	BD‐I/BDII	≥4 episodes in last year	>8 episodes in last year	18%	Depression

Abbreviations: BD‐I, bipolar disorder type I; BD‐II, type II; CO, community; CPT, cognitive psychoeducational therapy; DSM‐IV, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; ethyl‐EPA, ethyl‐eicosapentanoate; IN, inpatient; LAI, long‐acting injectable; Na Val, sodium valproate; NA, not applicable; NOS, not otherwise specified; NR, not reported; OFC, olanzapine fluoxetine combination; OP, outpatient; OTH, other; RC, rapid cycling; RCBD, rapid cycling bipolar disorders; T₃, triiodothyronine; TAU, treatment as usual.

^a Secondary analyses/multiple articles per study (see Supplement 2).

^b Data pooled from 2 trials (each). NB for Baldessarini/Sangar et al., Baldessarini (and other secondary articles; see Supplement 2) pools two trials, while Sangar et al. includes data from one of these trials; the overlap of data here is indicated via apparent merging of rows in the table.

^c ICD rather than DSM criteria.