TABLE 1.
Biomarkers in AIH
| Author | Source | # of participants | Biomarker | Increased risk (+)/protective (‐) | Studied in histological disease: | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity | Remission | Relapse | |||||
| Initial Presentation | |||||||
| Bayer et al.,[ 51 ] 1998 | Serum |
18 (AIH) 10 (NASH) 16 (control) |
TGF‐ß1 | + | X | X | |
| Landi et al.,[ 83 ] 2013 | Serum |
40 (AIH) 50 (PBC) 58 (PSC) 54 (HCV) 50 (control) |
TNF‐α | ‐ | X | ||
| Chaouali et al.,[ 143 ] 2020 | Serum |
50 (AIH) 150 (control) |
TNF‐α | + | X | X | |
| Bovensiepen et al.,[ 47 ] 2019 | PBMCs |
49 (AIH) 43 (control) |
TNF‐producing CD4+ T cells | + | X | ||
| Behfarjam et al.,[ 80 ] 2017 | RNA |
18 (AIH) 18 (control) |
T‐bet and IFN‐ɣ mRNA | + | X | ||
| Migita et al.,[ 44 ] 2007 | Serum |
55 (AIH) 14 (acute hepatitis) 33 (HCV) 33 (control) |
BAFF | + | X | X | |
| Nishikawa et al.,[ 43 ] 2016 | Serum | 80 (AIH) | BAFF | + | X | ||
| Efe et al.,[ 55 ] 2014 | Serum |
68 (AIH) 34 (control) |
25(OH)D | ‐ | X | X | X |
| Ebadi et al.,[ 56 ] 2019 | Serum | 209 (AIH) | 25(OH)D | ‐ | X | ||
| Taubert et al.,[ 57 ] 2017 | Serum | 109 (AIH) | Ferritin | ‐ | X | X | |
| Torgutalp et al.,[ 50 ] 2017 | Serum |
52 (AIH) 28 (control) |
ADA | + | X | X | X |
| Remission | |||||||
| Longhi et al.,[ 37 ] 2004 | PBMCs |
41 (AIH) 18 (control) |
CD4+CD25+ Treg cells | ‐ | X | X | |
| Longhi et al.,[ 38 ] 2006 | PBMCs |
25 (AIH) 15 (control) |
CD4+CD25+ Treg cells | ‐ | X | ||
| Ferri et al.,[ 39 ] 2010 | PBMCs |
47 (AIH) 28 (control) |
CD4+CD25hi Treg cells | ‐ | X | X | |
| Peiseler et al.,[ 64 ] 2012 | PBMCs |
77 (AIH) 42 (control) 8 (NASH) |
CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells | + | X | X | |
| Grant et al.,[ 40 ] 2014 | PBMCs |
41 (AIH) 25 (control) |
CD39+ Treg cells | ‐ | X | ||
| Liberal et al.,[ 59 ] 2015 | PBMCs |
43 (AIH) 22 (control) |
CD4+CD25+CD127− Treg cells | ‐ | X | X | |
| Liang et al.,[ 49 ] 2018 | PBMCs |
32 (AIH) 20 (control) |
Treg | ‐ | X | X | |
| Chen et al.,[ 60 ] 2019 | PBMCs |
20 (AIH) 20 (viral) 20 (control) |
Foxp3+ Treg cells | ‐ | X | ||
| Gatselis et al.,[ 65 ] 2017 | Serum |
224 (AIH) 249 (PBC) 36 (PSC) 146 (viral hep) 140 (NASH) 114 (control) |
DNAse | ‐ | X | ||
| Drug Withdrawal | |||||||
| Matsumoto et al.,[ 67 ] 2014 | PBMCs |
52 (AIH) 24 (DILI) 30 (viral hep) 11 (PSC) 62 (control) |
anti‐PD‐1 Ab's | + | X | X | X |
| Mitra et al.,[ 66 ] 2015* | RNA |
46 (AILD) 15 (control) |
FOXP3 TF/RORɣt TF ratio | ‐ | X | X | |
| Behfarjam et al.,[ 81 ] 2019 | RNA |
24 (AIH) 24 (control) |
RORɣt TF, IL‐22 mRNA | + | X | ||
| Derben et al.,[ 71 ] 2021 | Plasma | 60 (AIH) | cytokeratin‐18 death marker m65 | + | X | X | |
| Relapse | |||||||
| Treichel et al.,[ 74 ] 1994 | Serum |
79 (AIH) 122 (PBC) 385 (viral hep) 328 (other) |
anti‐ASGPR Abs | + | X | X | |
| Hausdorf et al.,[ 75 ] 2009 | Serum |
45 (AIH) 43 (PBC) 13 (EtOH) 35 (HBV) 53 (HCV) 118 (control) |
anti‐ASGPR Abs | + | X | X | X |
| Assis et al.,[ 76 ] 2013* | Serum |
52 (AIH) 309 (PBC) 71 (control) |
MIF, CD74 | + | X | X | |
| Assis et al.,[ 78 ] 2016 | Serum, DNA |
52 (AIH) 30 (control) |
MIF | + | X | ||
Note: Symbols: *: included patients with PBC.
Abbreviations: Ab: antibody, AIH: autoimmune hepatitis, ADA: adenosine deaminase, ASGPR: asialoglycoprotein receptor, BAFF: tumor necrosis actor family B‐cell activating factor, CD: complementary determining, FOXP3: forkhead box P3, HCV: hepatitis C virus, IFN‐ɣ: interferon‐gamma, MIF: macrophage migration inhibitor factor, mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid, PBC: primary biliary cholangitis, PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PD: programmed cell death, PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis, RNA: ribonucleic acid, RORɣt: retinoid‐related orphan receptor gamma t, T‐bet: t‐box TF expressed in T cells, TF: transcription factor, TGF‐ß1: transforming growth factor‐beta, Treg: regulatory T, 25(OH)D: vitamin D.