. 2022 Jul 18;76(10):490–504. doi: 10.1111/pcn.13439

Table 1.

Participant characteristics with and without spouse bereavement ^†

	Before matching			After matching
	No spouse bereavement	Spouse bereavement	P‐value	No spouse bereavement	Spouse bereavement	P‐value
No.	260	59		59	59
Age (years)	72.32 (6.21)	76.05 (5.76)	<0.001 ^‡	75.58 (5.21)	76.05 (5.76)	0.640 ^‡
Age at spouse bereavement, No. (%)			<0.001 ^§			<0.001 ^§
<60 years	0 (0.00)	29 (49.15)		0 (0.00)	29 (49.15)
≥60 years	0 (0.00)	30 (50.85)		0 (0.00)	30 (50.85)
Women, No. (%)	126 (48.46)	47 (79.66)	0.001 ^§	48 (81.36)	47 (79.66)	0.816 ^§
Education (years)			0.001 ^§			0.108 ^§
0–6	59 (22.69)	25 (42.37)		18 (30.51)	25 (42.37)
7–12	101 (38.85)	26 (44.07)		24 (40.68)	26 (44.07)
13+	100 (38.46)	8 (13.56)		17 (28.81)	8 (13.56)
APOE4 positivity, No. (%)	58 (22.31)	16 (27.59)	0.390 ^§	16 (27.12)	16 (27.59)	0.955 ^§
Clinical diagnosis, CN, No. (%)	169 (65.00)	38 (64.41)	0.931 ^§	32 (54.24)	38 (64.41)	0.261 ^§
Other bereavement, No. (%)
Close family members	244 (93.85)	55 (93.22)	0.772 ^¶	54 (91.53)	55 (93.22)	0.717 ^¶
Close friends	115 (44.23)	23 (38.98)	0.463 ^§	20 (33.90)	23 (38.98)	0.566 ^§
Divorce or separation, No. (%)	13 (5.00)	3 (5.08)	1.000 ^¶	2 (3.39)	3 (5.08)	1.000 ^¶
Remarriage, No. (%)	1 (0.38)	2 (3.39)	0.089 ^¶	0 (0.00)	2 (3.39)	0.496 ^¶
MOS‐SSS overall score	71.54 (16.32)	71.76 (16.08)	0.924 ^‡		71.76 (16.08)
Physical activity score, No. (%)			0.944 ^§			0.737 ^§
High	77 (36.32)	14 (34.15)		19 (42.22)	14 (34.15)
Medium	68 (32.08)	13 (31.71)		13 (28.89)	13 (31.71)
Low	67 (31.60)	14 (34.15)		13 (28.89)	14 (34.15)
GDS score	6.62 (6.22)	7.58 (6.17)	0.286 ^‡	6.46 (5.47)	7.58 (6.17)	0.300 ^‡
BMI	24.50 (3.02)	24.37 (2.93)	0.766 ^‡	24.74 (2.80)	24.37 (2.93)	0.489 ^‡
Smoking status, No. (%)			0.013 ^§			1.000 ^§
Never	171 (66.02)	50 (84.75)		51 (86.44)	50 (84.75)
Former	76 (29.34)	9 (15.25)		8 (13.56)	9 (15.25)
Smoker	12 (4.63)	0 (0.00)		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)
Alcohol drinking status, No. (%)			0.004 ^§			1.000 ^§
Never	137 (52.90)	45 (76.27)		45 (76.27)	45 (76.27)
Former	40 (15.44)	3 (5.08)		4 (6.78)	3 (5.08)
Drinker	82 (31.66)	11 (18.64)		10 (16.95)	11 (18.64)
Occupational complexity, No. (%)			0.044 ^§			0.116 ^§
None	47 (18.15)	14 (23.73)		19 (32.20)	14 (23.73)
Skill level 1	16 (6.18)	6 (10.17)		4 (6.78)	6 (10.17)
Skill level 2	76 (29.34)	23 (38.98)		15 (25.42)	23 (38.98)
Skill level 3	33 (12.74)	8 (13.56)		4 (6.78)	8 (13.56)
Skill level 4	87 (33.59)	8 (13.56)		17 (28.81)	8 (13.56)
Annual income, No. (%)			0.100 ^§			0.732 ^§
<MCL	24 (9.23)	5 (8.47)		5 (8.47)	5 (8.47)
≥MCL, <2 $\times$ MCL	115 (44.23)	35 (59.32)		31 (52.54)	35 (59.32)
≥2 $\times$ MCL	121 (46.54)	19 (32.20)		23 (38.98)	19 (32.20)
Vascular risk
Hypertension, No. (%)	128 (49.23)	41 (69.49)	0.005 ^§	34 (57.63)	41 (69.49)	0.181 ^§
Diabetes, No. (%)	49 (18.85)	12 (20.34)	0.792 ^§	8 (13.56)	12 (20.34)	0.326 ^§
Coronary artery disease, No. (%)	16 (6.15)	3 (5.08)	1.000 ^¶	5 (8.47)	3 (5.08)	0.717 ^¶
Hyperlipidemia, No. (%)	90 (34.62)	29 (49.15)	0.040 ^¶	26 (44.07)	29 (49.15)	0.580 ^¶
Transient ischemic attack, No. (%)	3 (1.15)	0 (0.00)	1.000 ^¶	1 (1.69)	0 (0.00)	1.000 ^¶
Stroke, No. (%)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	NA	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	NA
Vascular risk score	1.10 (1.00)	1.44 (0.90)	0.017 ^‡	1.25 (0.99)	1.44 (0.90)	0.286 ^‡
Undernutrition	46 (17.69)	11 (18.64)	0.819 ^§	14 (23.73)	11 (18.64)	0.530 ^§
WMH volume, cm³	12.52 (10.74)	15.72 (13.03)	0.048 ^‡	11.10 (7.67)	15.72 (13.03)	0.021 ^‡
Cerebral Aβ deposition
Aβ retention, SUVR	1.32 (0.37)	1.31 (0.32)	0.791 ^‡	1.37 (0.37)	1.31 (0.32)	0.348 ^‡
Cerebral tau deposition
AV‐1451, SUVR (n = 86)	1.59 (0.69) (n = 71)	1.42 (0.29) (n = 15)	0.352 ^‡	1.62 (0.92) (n = 13)	1.42 (0.29) (n = 15)	0.420 ^‡
AD‐neurodegeneration
AD‐CM, SUVR	1.39 (0.13)	1.38 (0.13)	0.530 ^‡	1.39 (0.15)	1.38 (0.13)	0.585 ^‡
AD‐CT (mm)	2.79 (0.22)	2.73 (0.21)	0.056 ^‡	2.75 (0.21)	2.73 (0.21)	0.491 ^‡
HVa, cm³	−1.21 (1.06)	−1.34 (1.09)	0.398 ^‡	−1.22 (1.07)	−1.34 (1.09)	0.558 ^‡
WBV, cm³	0.73 (0.34)	0.74 (0.31)	0.047 ^‡	0.73 (0.03)	0.74 (0.31)	0.580 ^‡
CERAD‐NP test
VF	14.52 (4.52)	12.78 (4.43) ^‡	0.008	13.56 (4.54)	12.78 (4.43)	0.347 ^‡
BNT	11.43 (2.39)	10.12 (2.59) ^‡	<0.001	11.17 (2.33)	10.12 (2.59)	0.022 ^‡
CP	9.73 (1.44)	9.54 (1.61) ^‡	0.385	9.61 (1.46)	9.54 (1.61)	0.811 ^‡
WLM	15.77 (6.41)	14.000 (7.49) ^‡	0.066	15.56 (6.26)	14.00 (7.49)	0.223 ^‡
WLR	5.05 (2.33)	4.73 (2.45) ^‡	0.353	4.81 (2.49)	4.73 (2.45)	0.852 ^‡
WLRc	7.98 (2.34)	8.19 (2.23) ^‡	0.532	7.63 (0.271)	8.19 (2.23)	0.223 ^‡
CR	5.76 (3.56)	4.32 (3.16) ^‡	0.005	4.80 (3.54)	4.32 (3.16)	0.444 ^‡
MMSE	25.35 (3.30)	24.66 (3.55) ^‡	0.154 ^‡	24.71 (3.66)	24.66 (3.55)	0.939 ^‡
TS	70.13 (16.52)	63.68 (17.65) ^‡	0.008	67.03 (16.68)	63.68 (17.65)	0.291 ^‡

^{^†}

Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean (standard deviation).

^{^‡}

By t test.

^{^§}

By chi‐square test.

^{^¶}

By Fisher exact test.

Aβ, beta‐amyloid; AD, Alzheimer disease; AD‐CM, Alzheimer disease signature cerebral glucose metabolism; AD‐CT, Alzheimer disease signature cortical thickness; APOE4, apolipoprotein ε4; BMI, body mass index; BNT, Boston naming test; CERAD‐NP, consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer disease neuropsychological battery; CN, cognitively normal; CP, construction praxis; CR, constructional recall; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HVa, adjusted hippocampal volume; MCL, minimum cost of living; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MOS‐SSS, Medical Outcomes Study‐Social Support Survey; SUVR, standardized uptake value ratio; TS, total score of the CERAD‐NP; VF, verbal fluency; WBV, whole brain volume; WLM, word list memory; WLR, word list recall; WLRc, word list recognition; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.