Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the 465 radiogenic papillary thyroid microcarcinomas in the study and their associations with patient age and sex.
| number or value | Age | Sex | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | (% or IQR or SD) | OR, b or HR (95%CI) | p-value | OR, b or HR (95%CI) | p-value |
| Sex, F/M; %M; F:M ratio (ref=F) | 367/98; 21.1%; 3.7:1 | 0.974 (0.947-1.002) | 0.073 | NA a | NA |
| Age at operation, years | 35.0 (29.5-39.9) | NA | NA | -10.351 (-25.003-4.301) | 0.166 |
| Age at exposure, years | 9.2 (4.7-13.8) | 0.374 (0.341-0.407) | 8.51E-76 | -0.221 (-1.111-0.669) | 0.626 |
| Latency period, years | 26.2 (26.2 (22.6-29.1) | 19.114 (17.311-20.918) | 1.79E-68 | -48.616 (-95.575-1.656) | 0.042 |
| Radiation dose to the thyroid, mGy | 46.8 (27.7-113.2) | -0.043 (-0.051- -0.35) | 1.01E-22 | 0.140 (-0.029-0.310) | 0.105 |
| Probability of causation, % | 19.1 (8.6-46.9) | -0.126 (-0.142- -0.110) | 1.37E-43 | 0.171 (-0.199-0.542) | 0.364 |
| ≤ 25% | 261 (56.1%) | 1.200 (1.156-1.246) | 1.62E-21 | 0.855 (0.546-1.337) | 0.491 |
| > 25 – 50% | 101 (21.7%) | 0.971 (0.944-0.999) | 0.041 | 0.905 (0.522-1.569) | 0.723 |
| > 50 – 75% | 67 (14.4%) | 0.876 (0.845-0.909) | 1.71E-12 | 0.987 (0.523-1.866) | 0.969 |
| > 75 – 100% | 36 (7.7%) | 0.867 (0.829-0.907) | 5.49E-10 | 1.994 (0.959-4.147) | 0.065 |
| Tumor size, mm | 7.0 (6-9) | -0.008 (-0.050-0.34) | 0.709 | 0.158 (-0.632-0.948) | 0.695 |
| lesser or equal median | 242 (52.0) | 0.999 (0.976-1.022) | 0.930 | 1.053 (0.674-1.645) | 0.820 |
| greater than median | 223 (48.0) | 1.001 (0.978-1.025) | 0.930 | 0.950 (0.608-1.484) | 0.820 |
| Full tumor capsule | 80 (17.2) | 0.969 (0.940-0.999) | 0.044 | 0.924 (0.507-1.683) | 0.796 |
| Dominant growth pattern | 1.016 (0.993-1.039) | 0.175 | 1.798 (0.522-1.220) | 0.297 | |
| papillary | 227 (48.8) | 0.991 (0.967-1.014) | 0.438 | 1.118 (0.716-1.746) | 0.623 |
| follicular | 96 (20.6) | 0.981 (0.953-1.009) | 0.185 | 1.428 (0.846-2.408) | 0.182 |
| solid-trabecular | 142 (30.6) | 1.028 (1.001-1.056) | 0.045 | 0.639 (0.382-1.070) | 0.089 |
| Ki-67 labeling index, n=92 | 4.6 (2.9-7.2) | -0.003 (-0.021-0.015) | 0.781 | -0.199 (-0.605-0.207) | 0.332 |
| 0 – 5% | 52 (56.5%) | 1.023 (0.982-1.065) | 0.280 | 1.396 (0.538-3.626) | 0.493 |
| >5 – 10% | 34 (37.0%) | 0.983 (0.943-1.024) | 0.413 | 0.808 (0.303-2.151) | 0.669 |
| >10% | 6 (6.5%) | 0.978 (0.904-1.057) | 0.569 | 0.548 (0.061-4.942) | 0.592 |
| BRAFV600E -positive, n=95 | 64 (67.4%) | 1.119 (1.063-1.177) | 1.50E-05 | 0.353 (0.138-0.902) | 0.03 |
| Oncocytic changes | 201 (43.2%) | 1.054 (1.027-1.081) | 7.10E-05 | 0.836 (0.531-1.317) | 0.441 |
| Multifocality | 103 (22.2%) | 1.027 (0.997-1.058) | 0.081 | 0.877 (0.507-1.519) | 0.640 |
| Lymphatic/vascular invasion | 116 (24.9%) | 0.983 (0.957-1.010) | 0.213 | 1.535 (0.940-2.506) | 0.086 |
| Extrathyroidal extension (any) | 64 (13.8%) | 0.993 (0.960-1.027) | 0.674 | 1.721 (0.954-3.105) | 0.071 |
| T category | |||||
| pT1a | 458 (98.5%) | 0.972 (0.876-1.079) | 0.597 | 0.663 (0.127-3.470) | 0.626 |
| pT3b | 7 (1.5%) | 1.028 (0.927-1.141) | 0.597 | 1.508 (0.288-7.895) | 0.626 |
| N category (N1) | 90 (19.4%) | 1.001 (0.971-1.032) | 0.944 | 1.710 (1.013-2.885) | 0.045 |
| N1a | 56 (12.0%) | 0.983 (0.948-1.018) | 0.334 | 1.437 (0.759-2.721) | 0.266 |
| N1b | 34 (7.3%) | 1.033 (0.984-1.085) | 0.190 | 1.891 (0.888-4.028) | 0.099 |
| M category (M1) | 4 (0.9%) | 0.942 (0.840-1.055) | 0.299 | 3.802 (0.529-27.340) | 0.185 |
| Invasiveness score | 1 (0-1) | 1.001 (0.979-1.024) | 0.900 | 1.451 (0.961-2.190) | 0.077 |
| 0 | 224 (48.2%) | 0.995 (0.972-1.019) | 0.673 | 0.847 (0.541-1.324) | 0.466 |
| 1 | 141 (30.3%) | 1.012 (0.986-1.039) | 0.383 | 0.693 (0.416-1.154) | 0.159 |
| 2 | 69 (14.8%) | 0.995 (0.962-1.028) | 0.750 | 1.271 (0.698-2.316) | 0.433 |
| 3 | 26 (5.6%) | 0.988 (0.940-1.039) | 0.641 | 3.518 (1.571-7.879) | 0.002 |
| 4 | 5 (1.1%) | 1.018 (0.903-1.148) | 0.773 | 0.936 (0.103-8.467) | 0.953 |
| 5 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Concomitant thyroid cancer | 2 (0.4%) | 1.133 (0.928-1.384) | 0.219 | 0.742 (0.035-15.798) | 0.848 |
| Concomitant nodular disease | 120 (25.8%) | 1.059 (1.027-1.091) | 2.34E-04 | 0.585 (0.334-1.023) | 0.060 |
| Concomitant Graves’ disease | 7 (1.5%) | 1.047 (0.939-1.167) | 0.412 | 0.244 (0.014-4.370) | 0.338 |
| Chronic thyroiditis | 121 (26.0%) | 1.029 (1.000-1.058) | 0.049 | 0.262 (0.131-0.523) | 1.46E-04 |
| Thyroid surgery | |||||
| total thyroidectomy | 405 (87.1%) | 1.026 (0.991-1.061) | 0.143 | 0.698 (0.375-1.300) | 0.257 |
| organ-preserving operation | 60 (12.9%) | 0.975 (0.942-1.009) | 0.143 | 1.432 (0.769-2.666) | 0.257 |
| LN dissection performed | 192 (41.3%) | 1.000 (0.977-1.025) | 0.973 | 1.411 (0.901-2.209) | 0.132 |
| level ≥ 6 | 132 (28.4%) | 1.016 (0.989-1.043) | 0.254 | 0.889 (0.538-1.469) | 0.646 |
| level 1 – 5 | 60 (12.9%) | 0.975 (0.942-1.008) | 0.138 | 2.294 (1.277-4.120) | 0.005 |
| RIT performed | 354 (76.1%) | 1.024 (0.996-1.052) | 0.090 | 0.642 (0.391-1.054) | 0.079 |
| RIT cycles | 1 (1-1) | 0.997 (0.973-1.022) | 0.809 | 0.908 (0.575-1.434) | 0.679 |
| Cumulative RI activity, MBq | 3964 (2775-4360) | 0.011 (-0.001-0.023) | 0.066 | 0.194 (-0.031-0.418) | 0.091 |
| RIT response, n=354 | 0.953 (0.803-1.018) | 0.156 | 0.279 (0.113-0.690) | 0.006 | |
| RAI-R recurrence vs other | 3 (0.8%) | 1.174 (0.963-1.425) | 0.103 | 7.155 (0.921-55.565) | 0.060 |
| excellent vs other | 333 (94.1) | 0.954 (0.894-1.019) | 0.165 | 0.285 (0.117-0.697) | 0.006 |
| Follow-up, years | 5.2 (2.2-9.1) | -0.095 (-0.115- -0.074) | 8.25E-19 | 0.098 (-0.313-0.509) | 0.639 |
| Recurrence | 6 (1.3%) | 1.016 (0.913-1.131) | 0.767 | 3.646 (0.732-18.161) | 0.114 |
| Time to recurrence, yrs | 1.2 (1.1-1.6) | -0.001 (-0.529-0.528) | 0.998 | 3.496 (-5.047-12.020) | 0.320 |
| Recurrent metastases, n=6 | |||||
| Dominant growth pattern | |||||
| papillary | 5 (83.3%) | 1.134 (0.870-1.478) | 0.352 | 0.238 (0.004-15.012) | 0.497 |
| follicular | 1 (16.7%) | 0.882 (0.677-1.149) | 0.352 | 4.199 (0.067-264.725) | 0.497 |
| solid-trabecular | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ki67 labeling index, n=3 | 1.2 (1.0-1.9) | 0.069 (-0.470-0.608) | 0.351 | -0.450 (-19.157-18.257) | 0.811 |
| BRAFV600E -positive, n=3 | 2 (66.7%) | 1.245 (0.809-1.915) | 0.319 | 2.999 (0.015-605.350) | 0.685 |
| Oncocytic changes | 3 (50.0%) | 1.108 (0.901-1.363) | 0.332 | 1.360 (0.013-9.816) | 0.545 |
| Cystic changes | 5 (83.3%) | 1.049 (0.846-1.302) | 0.660 | 4.199 (0.067-264.725) | 0.497 |
| RIT recurrence response | |||||
| RAI-R recurrence vs other | 3 (50.0%) | 1.202 (0.904-1.599) | 0.206 | 2.777 (0.102-75.720) | 0.545 |
| excellent vs other | 3 (50.0%) | 0.832 (0.626-1.106) | 0.206 | 0.360 (0.013-9.816) | 0.545 |
a
Not available.
Numbers in bold indicate statistical significance.