Table 4.

Risk of bias assessment of the included observational studies (ROBINS‐I tool) (n = 13).

Reference	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants into the study	Bias in classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Studies which studied the association of nutrition with the development of AMD
de Koning‐Backus et al. (2019)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious	Low	Low	Serious
Dighe et al. (2019)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious	Low	Low	Serious
Gopinath et al. (2018a)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Gopinath et al. (2018b)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious	Low	Serious	Serious
Gopinath et al. (2020)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious	Low	Low	Serious
Jones et al. (2020)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Lin et al. (2017)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Merle et al. (2019)	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Studies which studied the association of nutrition with the progression of AMD
Agrón et al. (2021)	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Joachim et al. (2018)	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Moderate
Keenan et al. (2020)	Low	Low	Low	No information	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Merle et al. (2017)	Low	Low	Low	No information	No information	Low	Low	No information
Tisdale et al. (2019)	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate