TABLE 2.

Relationship Between Caffeine Intake (Per 100 mg/d) and Dry Eye Phenotypes in the Total Population (N = 85,302)

Dry Eye Phenotypes	OR (95% CI), Model 1*	P	OR (95% CI), Model 2†	P	OR (95% CI), Model 3‡	P
Primary outcome
WHS-defined DED	0.966 (0.953–0.980)	<0.001	0.969 (0.954–0.984)	<0.001	0.985 (0.969–1.001)	0.06
Secondary outcomes
Highly symptomatic dry eye	1.018 (0.989–1.049)	0.22	1.017 (0.984–1.050)	0.32	1.051 (1.017–1.086)	0.003
Clinical diagnosis	0.960 (0.946–0.974)	<0.001	0.965 (0.950–0.981)	<0.001	0.980 (0.964–0.996)	0.02
Symptomatic dry eye	0.985 (0.977–0.993)	0.001	0.988 (0.979–0.998)	0.02	1.000 (0.990–1.010)	0.98

Bolded items indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05 for the primary outcome, WHS-defined DED, and P < 0.05/3 for secondary outcomes).

^*Model 1: corrected for age and sex alone.

†Model 2: corrected for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, education level, and net monthly household income, full data available for 77,034 participants.

‡Model 3: corrected for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, education level, net monthly household income, and 48 comorbidities associated with dry eye; full data available for 75,032 participants.