TABLE 3.

Relationship Between Caffeine Intake (per 100 mg/d) and Dry Eye Phenotypes, Adjusted for all Associated Comorbidities, and Stratified by Sex

Dry Eye Phenotypes	Men (N = 34,963)						Women (N = 50,339)
	OR (95% CI), Model 1*	P	OR (95% CI), Model 2†	P	OR (95% CI), Model 3‡	P	OR (95% CI), Model 1*	P	OR (95% CI), Model 2†	P	OR (95% CI), Model 3‡	P
Primary outcome
WHS-defined DED	0.954 (0.930–0.980)	<0.001	0.965 (0.937–0.993)	0.02	0.982 (0.954–1.012)	0.24	0.967 (0.951–0.984)	<0.001	0.967 (0.950–0.985)	<0.001	0.983 (0.964–1.002)	0.08
Secondary outcomes
Highly symptomatic dry eye	1.004 (0.946–1.066)	0.89	1.007 (0.943–1.075)	0.85	1.025 (0.959–1.096)	0.47	1.017 (0.983–1.052)	0.32	1.013 (0.977–1.051)	0.48	1.056 (1.016–1.097)	0.006
Clinical diagnosis	0.950 (0.924–0.976)	<0.001	0.961 (0.933–0.990)	0.01	0.979 (0.950–1.010)	0.18	0.960 (0.944–0.977)	<0.001	0.963 (0.945–0.982)	<0.001	0.977 (0.958–0.997)	0.03
Symptomatic dry eye	0.973 (0.960–0.986)	<0.001	0.978 (0.964–0.993)	0.004	0.990 (0.975–1.005)	0.20	0.989 (0.978–1.000)	0.05	0.991 (0.979–1.003)	0.15	1.004 (0.991–1.018)	0.51

Bolded items indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05 for the primary outcome, WHS-defined DED, and P < 0.05/3 for secondary outcomes).

^*Model 1: corrected for age and sex alone.

^†Model 2: corrected for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, education level, and net monthly household income, full data available for 77,034 participants.

^‡Model 3: corrected for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, education level, net monthly household income, and 48 comorbidities associated with dry eye, full data available for 75,032 participants.