Table 1.
Baseline profile of palpitations trajectory subgroups (n=3,276)
| Low (n=1750) | Moderate (n=1062) | High (n=464) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 46.3 ±2.7 | 46.3 ±2.6 | 46.5 ±2.7 | 0.63 |
|
| ||||
| Race/Ethnicity, n(%) | <0.0001 | |||
| White | 866 (49.5) | 486 (45.7) | 189 (40.7) | |
| Black/African-American | 464 (26.5) | 288 (27.2) | 170 (36.6) | |
| Hispanic | 135 (7.7) | 78 (7.3) | 37 (8.0) | |
| Chinese | 162 (9.3) | 90 (8.5) | 27 (5.8) | |
| Japanese | 123 (7.0) | 120 (11.3) | 41 (8.8) | |
|
| ||||
| Education, n(%) | <0.0001 | |||
| ≤High school | 399 (22.8) | 291 (27.4) | 158 (34.1) | |
| >High school | 1351 (77.2) | 771 (72.6) | 306 (66.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Difficulty paying for basics | <0.0001 | |||
| Not hard at all | 1360 (77.8) | 717 (67.5) | 241 (52.0) | |
| Somewhat/very hard | 388 (22.2) | 345 (32.5) | 223 (48.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Reproductive factors | ||||
|
| ||||
| Gravidity, mean ± SD | 2.8 ±1.8 | 3.0 ±2.0 | 3.4 ±2.1 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Parity, mean ± SD | 2.3 ±1.3 | 2.3 ±1.3 | 2.3 ±1.7 | 0.46 |
|
| ||||
| E2 (log pg/ml), mean ± SD | 4.0 ±0.8 | 4.0 ±0.8 | 4.0 ±0.7 | 0.58 |
|
| ||||
| FSH (log pg/ml), mean ± SD | 2.9 ±0.8 | 2.9 ±0.7 | 2.9 ±0.7 | 0.99 |
|
| ||||
| Menopausal status | <0.0001 | |||
| Premenopause | 1018 (58.4) | 534 (50.4) | 256 (46.0) | |
| Early perimenopause | 721 (41.4) | 524 (49.4) | 218 (54.0) | |
| Unknown | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 | |
|
| ||||
| Any vasomotor symptoms | 308 (17.6) | 350 (32.9) | 220 (46.5) | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Medications | ||||
|
| ||||
| Blood pressure medication | 212 (12.1) | 142 (13.4) | 106 (22.8) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blocker | 40 (2.3) | 33 (3.1) | 33 (7.1) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blockera | 66 (3.8) | 40 (3.8) | 36 (7.8) | 0.0005 |
|
| ||||
| Steroid inhaler | 96 (5.5) | 59 (5.6) | 9 (4.9) | 0.73 |
|
| ||||
| Anxiolytic medication | 126 (7.2) | 121 (11.4) | 75 (16.2) | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Thyroid medication | 114 (6.5) | 91 (8.6) | 44 (9.5) | 0.03 |
|
| ||||
| Health-related | ||||
|
| ||||
| Overall health (n=3273) | <0.0001 | |||
| Excellent/Very good | 362 (20.9) | 249 (23.6) | 86 (18.7) | |
| Good | 1188 (68.6) | 605 (57.4) | 246 (53.4) | |
| Fair/Poor | 183 (10.6) | 201 (19.1) | 129 (28.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Ever told you have anemia | 556 (32.6) | 381 (36.0) | 198 (43.0) | 0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| CES-D score, mean ± SD | 8.4 ±8.3 | 12.5 ±10.1 | 15.5 ±11.2 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Perceived stress scale | 8.0 ±2.8 | 9.0 ±2.9 | 9.7 ±3.0 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Number of sleep problems | <0.0001 | |||
| None | 921 (52.6) | 466 (43.8) | 142 (30.6) | |
| One | 402 (23.0) | 212 (19.9) | 106 (22.8) | |
| Two | 271 (15.5) | 206 (19.4) | 103 (22.2) | |
| Three | 156 (8.9) | 179 (16.8) | 113 (24.4) | |
|
| ||||
| Current smoker (ever) | 258 (14.8) | 207 (19.5) | 104 (22.1) | 0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use (any) | 1200 (68.6) | 699 (65.8) | 291 (62.9) | 0.33 |
|
| ||||
| Caffeine (mg/day), mean ± SD | 211.4 ± 179.7 | 213.5 ± 177.3 | 217.8 ± 179.9 | 0.79 |
|
| ||||
| Physical activity score | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 27.8±7.0 | 28.2±7.0 | 29.8±8.1 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Systolic BP, mean ± SD | 116.5 ±16.7 | 118.9 ±16.8 | 120.3 ±18.0 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Diastolic BP, mean ± SD | 75.0 ±10.3 | 76.1 ±10.5 | 75.9 ±11.1 | 0.02 |
a
Includes nondihydropyridine (diltiazem and verapamil) and dihydropyridine (amlodipine, nifedipine) calcium channel blockers.
Sample is 3,276 unless otherwise indicated. All data shown as n (%) except where indicated. . BP, blood pressure. CESD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. E2, estradiol. FSH, follicle stimulating hormone. SD, standard deviation.