Table 3.
Cardiovascular disease risk profile of palpitation trajectory subgroups at time of carotid assessmenta (n=1559)
| Low (n=828) |
Moderate (n=497) |
High (n=234) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 61.9 ±2.7 | 61.7 ±2.6 | 62.2 ±2.7 | 0.04 |
|
| ||||
| Overall health (n=1481) | <0.0001 | |||
| Excellent/Very good | 460 (58.2) | 236 (50.0) | 60 (27.6) | |
| Good | 238 (30.1) | 186 (39.5) | 85 (38.9) | |
| Fair/Poor | 93 (11.8) | 50 (10.5) | 73 (33.5) | |
|
| ||||
| Current smoker | 51 (6.2) | 36 (7.2) | 32 (13.7) | 0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use | 530 (64.0) | 295 (59.4) | 133 (56.9) | 0.04 |
|
| ||||
| Physical activity | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 0.36 |
|
| ||||
| CES-D score, mean ± SD | 5.0 ±6.2 | 7.9 ±7.9 | 11.9 ±10.2 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Perceived stress scale | 6.2 ±2.5 | 7.1 ±3.0 | 8.2 ±3.0 | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Number of sleeping complaints | <0.0001 | |||
| None | 338 (40.8) | 155 (31.2) | 54 (23.1) | |
| One | 230 (27.8) | 112 (22.5) | 52 (13.2) | |
| Two | 157 (19.0) | 125 (25.2) | 61 (17.8) | |
| Three | 103 (12.4) | 105 (21.1) | 67 (28.6) | |
|
| ||||
| Body mass index | 29.4±7.1 | 30.1±7.2 | 30.8±7.8 | 0.03 |
|
| ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 122.4 ±16.6 | 124.2 ±16.8 | 126.4 ±16.2 | 0.006 |
|
| ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 74.1 ±9.6 | 74.5 ±9.3 | 74.4 ±9.6 | 0.75 |
|
| ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.4 ±27.2 | 99.0 ±27.0 | 106.1 ±38.2 | 0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 110.3 ±30.2 | 107.0 ±29.8 | 108.2 ±32.0 | 0.21 |
|
| ||||
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 66.5 ±16.5 | 65.8 ±16.8 | 64.4 ±16.2 | 0.27 |
|
| ||||
| Blood pressure medication | 295 (35.6) | 219 (44.0) | 123 (52.6) | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Anxiolytic medication | 144 (18.2) | 126 (26.6) | 54 (24.1) | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Thyroid medication | 121 (15.3) | 71 (15.0) | 43 (19.2) | 0.31 |
|
| ||||
| Common carotid IMT (mm) | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 0.82 ± 0.13 | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| baPWV (cm/s) (n=1341) | 1218.7 ± 214.1 | 1240.8 ± 219.3 | 1267.1 ± 227.2 | 0.16 |
|
| ||||
| Carotid plaque | 0.24 | |||
| 0 | 480 (58.0) | 270 (54.4) | 125 (53.6) | |
| ≥ 1 | 348 (42.0) | 227 (45.6) | 109 (46.4 | |
a
All covariates included are from the time of carotid assessment (SWAN Visit 12 and 13). SD, standard deviation.
baPWV, brachial-a pulse wave velocity. CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression. cm/sec, centimeters per second. scaleHDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. IMT, intima media thickness… LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. mm, millimeters. SD, standard deviation.