TABLE 3.
Factors associated with extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) carriage (Migrinf study, France, 2018).
| Total | ESBL - | ESBL + | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n) | (n = 77) | (n = 15) | p-value | OR (95% CI) a | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Gender, male, n (%) | 92 | 56 (72.7) | 9 (60) | 0.322 | ||
| Age, median (IQR) | 92 | 29.8 (9.9) | 39.9 (12.7) | < 0.001 | 22.2 (3.37–523.0) b | 0.008 |
| Region of origin, n (%) | 92 | 0.050 | ||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 62 (80.5) | 10 (66.7) | ||||
| South America | 4 (5.2) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Asia | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Eastern Europa | 3 (3.9) | 3 (20) | ||||
| North Africa | 1 (1.3) | 2 (13.3) | ||||
| Middle East | 4 (5.2) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Urban area, n (%) | 80 | 48 (71.6) | 11 (84.6) | 0.496 | ||
| Profession, n (%) | 85 | 0.093 | ||||
| Craftmanship | 26 (36.1) | 5 (38.5) | ||||
| Higher occupation | 6 (8.3) | 1 (7.7) | ||||
| Student | 12 (16.7) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Intermediate occupation | 8 (11.1) | 5 (38.5) | ||||
| No profession | 20 (27.8) | 2 (15.4) | ||||
| Education level, no higher education, n (%) | 84 | 52 (73.2) | 9 (69.2) | 0.765 | ||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 89 | 12 (16) | 1 (7.1) | 0.683 | ||
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 90 | 15 (19.7) | 1 (7.1) | 0.449 | ||
| Drug use, n (%) | 87 | 2 (2.7) | 1 (7.1) | 0.413 | ||
| Recent antibacterial therapy (previous 6 months) n (%) | 76 | 18 (29) | 6 (42.9) | 0.334 | ||
| Migration | ||||||
| Route of migration, n (%) | 89 | 0.252 | ||||
| Direct by flight | 21 (28) | 8 (57.1) | ||||
| Through Lybia and Italy | 28 (37.3) | 2 (14.3) | ||||
| Through Morocco and Spain | 18 (24) | 3 (21.4) | ||||
| Through the Balkans and Greece | 7 (9.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||||
| Other | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Direct route of migration | 89 | 21 (28) | 8 (57.1) | 0.033 | ||
| Duration of migration (weeks), median (IQR) | 79 | 25.3 (73.1) | 0.4 (7.8) | 0.074 | ||
| Refugee camp (at least once), n (%) | 84 | 23 (32.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.213 | ||
| Travel by foot (at least one border), n (%) | 86 | 9 (12.5) | 1 (7.1) | 1.000 | ||
| Physical violence, n (%) | 87 | 34 (46.6) | 4 (28.6) | 0.214 | ||
| Sexual violence, n (%) | 82 | 10 (14.7) | 2 (14.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Living conditions in France | ||||||
| Poor conditions of living, n (%) | 91 | 48 (63.2) | 11 (73.3) | 0.647 | ||
| No social rights, n (%) | 91 | 38 (50%) | 12 (80%) | 0.064 | ||
| Hospital data | ||||||
| Way of hospital admission, n (%) | 87 | 0.257 | ||||
| Referral by a third party | 52 (72.2) | 9 (60) | ||||
| Own consultation | 5 (6.9) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Emergency consultation | 15 (20.8) | 6 (40) | ||||
| Inpatient hospitalisation, n (%) | 92 | 32 (41.6) | 10 (66.7) | 0.133 | ||
| Time from arrival to sampling (days), median (IQR) | 86 | 139.5 ± 176.8 | 38.0 ± 78.2 | 0.005 | ||
| Time from hospitalization to sampling (days), median (IQR) | 86 | 1.0 ± 7.2 | 1.0 ± 3.5 | 0.612 | ||
| Time from arrival to hospitalisation (days), median (IQR) | 86 | 121.5 ± 153.8 | 35.5 ± 81.2 | 0.007 | 0.991 (0.979–0.999) | 0.108 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | 91 | 0.011 | ||||
| Bacterial infection | 6 (7.9) | 4 (26.7) | ||||
| Viral infection | 50 (65.8) | 7 (46.7) | ||||
| Tuberculosis | 13 (17.1) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Other | 7 (9.2) | 4 (26.7) | ||||
| HIV infection, n (%) | 92 | 29 (37.7) | 9 (60.0) | 0.108 | 8.75 (0.519–419.5) | 0.182 |
| HCV infection, n (%) | 91 | 2 (2.6) | 3 (20.0) | 0.029 | ||
| HBV infection, n (%) | 92 | 27 (35.1) | 2 (13.3) | 0.132 | ||
Bold values correspond to values <0.1 in the univariate.
a
Only the variables selected by the backward-stepwise process are shown.
b
For the multivariate analysis, 86 observations were included. The “age” variable was transformed into a binary variable, using the median age of the global population (i.e., 30 years old) as a threshold, as well as the « region of origin » variable (Sub-Saharan Africa versus other regions). 86 observations.