TABLE 3.
Expression of TRPV1 in various models of metabolic syndrome.
| Metabolic syndrome | Model | Detection method | TRPV1 expression | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD | In vivo, HFD-induced insulin resistance in male C57BL/6 mice | Western blotting; Quantitative analyses | Hepatic TRPV1 protein increased | Wu et al. (2021) |
| Atherosclerosis | In vivo, ApoE−/− mice; In vitro, BMDM exposed to ox-LDL | Western blotting; Quantitative analyses | TRPV1 protein increased in both models (atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE−/− and BMDM) | Zhao et al. (2013) |
| Obesity | In vivo, HFD-induced obesity in male and female of WT and TRPV1-null mice | Calcium transients in adipocytes | 3T3-L1 preadipocytes expressed functional CGRP, suggesting TRPV1-sensitive sensory nerves regulating energy and fat metabolism | Motter and Ahern, (2008) |
| Cardiovascular disease; hypertension, diabetes, and obesity | In vivo, diet-induced obesity in WT and TRPV1 knockout mice | Classical quantitative analysis | TRPV1 has no role in weight control, but has a role in stimulating the proinflammatory network that is central to hypertension | Marshall et al. (2013) |
| Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity | In vivo, olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome in female BALB/c mice | Quantitative PCR | Hypothalamic TRPV1 mRNA increased | Singh et al. (2020) |
| Obesity | In vivo, HFD-induced obesity in male Wistar rats | qRT-PCR; Western blotting; Immunohistochemistry; Quantitative analyses | TRPV1 mRNA and protein increased in visceral adipose tissue | Cocci et al. (2021) |
| Hyperlipidemia and NAFLD | In vivo, high cholesterol and fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in male Wister rats | Immunohistochemistry; Quantitative analyses | Hepatic TRPV1 increased | Harb et al. (2019) |
| Obesity | In vivo, HFD-induced obesity in male WT and TRPV1−/− mice.In vitro, primary epididymal and subcutaneous preadipocytes | Western blotting; Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative RT-PCR; Intracellular Ca2+imaging; Quantitative analyses | TRPV1 mRNA and protein decreased in epididymal fat of WT-fed HFD; TRPV1 channel activity decreased in preadipocytes | Baskaran et al. (2016) |
| Obesity | In vivo, HFD-induced obesity in male WT and TRPV1−/− mice | Western blot; Quantitative RT-PCR; Quantitative analyses | TRPV1 mRNA and protein decreased in epididymal fat | Krishnan et al. (2019) |
| Hyperlipidemia | In vivo, HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in male Sprague Dawley rats | Western blotting; quantitative PCR | Hepatic TRPV1 mRNA and protein decreased | Wang et al. (2020) |
| Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease | In vivo, male ApoE−/−, and ApoE−/−TRPV1−/− mice fed high cholesterol and fat diet | Western blotting; Quantitative analyses | Hepatic HDL receptor (SR-BI) decreased in ApoE−/−TRPV1−/− mice compared to ApoE−/− mice; Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, MCP-1, IL-6 and MIP-2 increased in ApoE−/−TRPV1−/− mice | Wei et al. (2013) |
| Obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia | In vivo, high cholesterol and fat diet induced-metabolic syndrome in male Ossabaw pigs | Western immunoblot; Quantitative RT- PCR; Quantitative analyses; Immunohistochemistry | TRPV1 mRNA increased in artery, TRPV1 protein decreased in artery, TRPV1 decreased in endothelium of coronary arteries | Bratz et al. (2008) |
| NAFLD | In vivo, HFD-induced NAFLD in male C57BL/6 J wild-type and TRPV1 knockout mice; In vitro, HepG2 cell line exposed to free fatty acids | Semiquantitative conventional PCR; Immunoblotting; Quantitative analysis | Hepatic TRPV1 mRNA and protein decreased in both models | Li et al. (2013) |
| Dyslipidemia | In vivo, HFD induced dyslipidemia in Sprague Dawley rats | Western blotting; Quantitative analysis | Hepatic TRPV1 protein decreased | Gong et al. (2022) |