Table 1.
Participant characteristics, logistical requirements, and costs.
| Total study population | Self-swabbing | Health-worker swabbing | Discarded swabs | Stool samples | Discarded stool samples | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Household characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Number | 324 | 170 | 75 | 79 | 281 | 43 | |||||||
| Members (median, range) | 5 | 1–10 | 5 | 1–10 | 5 | 2–9 | 5 | 1–8 | 5 | 1–10 | 5 | 1–8 | |
| Participant characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Number | 1498 | 799 | 350 | 349 | 1318 | 180 | |||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||
| Under 5 | 246 | (16.4) | 126 | (15.8) | 57 | (16.3) | 63 | (18.1) | 211 | (16.0) | 35 | (19.4) | |
| 5–9 years | 158 | (10.6) | 83 | (10.4) | 41 | (11.7) | 34 | (9.7) | 143 | (10.9) | 15 | (8.3) | |
| 10–19 years | 131 | (8.7) | 68 | (8.5) | 33 | (9.4) | 30 | (8.6) | 118 | (9.0) | 13 | (7.2) | |
| 20–29 years | 241 | (16.1) | 137 | (17.2) | 48 | (13.7) | 56 | (16.1) | 200 | (15.2) | 41 | (22.8) | |
| 30–39 years | 270 | (18.0) | 149 | (18.7) | 70 | (20.0) | 51 | (14.6) | 240 | (18.2) | 30 | (16.7) | |
| 40–49 years | 118 | (7.9) | 59 | (7.4) | 28 | (8.0) | 31 | (8.9) | 108 | (8.2) | 10 | (5.6) | |
| 50–59 years | 170 | (11.4) | 94 | (11.8) | 28 | (8.0) | 48 | (13.8) | 159 | (12.1) | 11 | (6.1) | |
| 60–69 years | 105 | (7.0) | 57 | (7.1) | 29 | (8.3) | 19 | (5.4) | 85 | (6.5) | 20 | (11.1) | |
| 70–100 years | 59 | (3.9) | 26 | (3.3) | 16 | (4.6) | 17 | (4.9) | 54 | (4.1) | 5 | (2.8) | |
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Female | 776 | (51.8) | 416 | (52.1) | 174 | (49.7) | 186 | (53.3) | 685 | (52.0) | 91 | (50.6) | |
| Male | 722 | (48.2) | 383 | (47.9) | 176 | (50.3) | 163 | (46.7) | 633 | (48.0) | 89 | (49.4) | |
| Highest education | |||||||||||||
| Children = < 16 years | |||||||||||||
| None | 320 | (21.4) | 166 | (20.8) | 77 | (22.0) | 77 | (22.1) | 278 | (21.1) | 42 | (23.3) | |
| Primary | 117 | (7.8) | 62 | (7.8) | 31 | (8.9) | 24 | (6.9) | 109 | (8.3) | 8 | (4.4) | |
| Secondary or higher | 60 | (4.0) | 31 | (3.9) | 17 | (4.9) | 12 | (3.4) | 55 | (4.2) | 5 | (2.8) | |
| Adults > 16 years | |||||||||||||
| None | 158 | (10.5) | 107 | (13.4) | 40 | (11.4) | 11 | (3.2) | 136 | (10.3) | 22 | (12.2) | |
| Primary | 39 | (2.6) | 16 | (2.0) | 3 | (0.9) | 20 | (5.7) | 36 | (2.7) | 3 | (1.7) | |
| Secondary or higher | 769 | (51.3) | 399 | (49.9) | 173 | (49.4) | 197 | (56.4) | 679 | (51.5) | 90 | (50.0) | |
| Missing | 35 | (2.3) | 18 | (2.3) | 9 | (2.6) | 8 | (2.3) | 25 | (1.9) | 10 | (5.6) | |
| Occupation | |||||||||||||
| Farmer | 495 | (33.0) | 253 | (31.7) | 96 | (27.4) | 146 | (41.8) | 444 | (33.7) | 51 | (28.3) | |
| Factory worker | 176 | (11.8) | 102 | (12.8) | 44 | (12.6) | 30 | (8.6) | 151 | (11.5) | 25 | (13.9) | |
| Labourer | 179 | (12.0) | 103 | (12.9) | 51 | (14.6) | 25 | (7.2) | 152 | (11.5) | 27 | (15.0) | |
| Other employment | 65 | (4.3) | 36 | (4.5) | 14 | (4.0) | 15 | (4.3) | 56 | (4.3) | 9 | (5.0) | |
| Still in school | 510 | (34.1) | 266 | (33.3) | 127 | (36.3) | 117 | (33.5) | 451 | (34.2) | 59 | (32.8) | |
| Not working | 57 | (3.8) | 27 | (3.4) | 14 | (4.0) | 16 | (4.6) | 50 | (3.8) | 7 | (3.9) | |
| Missing | 16 | (1.1) | 12 | (1.5) | 4 | (1.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 14 | (1.1) | 2 | (1.1) | |
| Household wealth quintile | |||||||||||||
| Poorest | 307 | (20.5) | 179 | (22.4) | 57 | (16.3) | 71 | (20.3) | 263 | (20.0) | 44 | (24.4) | |
| Poor | 306 | (20.4) | 151 | (18.9) | 70 | (20.0) | 85 | (24.4) | 287 | (21.8) | 19 | (10.6) | |
| Middle | 289 | (19.3) | 184 | (23.0) | 78 | (22.3) | 27 | (7.7) | 239 | (18.1) | 50 | (27.8) | |
| Rich | 304 | (20.3) | 137 | (17.2) | 88 | (25.1) | 79 | (22.6) | 263 | (20.0) | 41 | (22.8) | |
| Richest | 292 | (19.5) | 148 | (18.5) | 57 | (16.3) | 87 | (24.9) | 266 | (20.2) | 26 | (14.4) | |
| Feasibility | |||||||||||||
| Health-worker time spent per household (min) | |||||||||||||
| Number of visits | 2–3 | 2–6 | NA | 2–3 | NA | ||||||||
| Travel1 | 50 | 80 | NA | 50 | NA | ||||||||
| Consent | 15 | 15 | NA | 15 | NA | ||||||||
| Sample collection | 0 | 40 | NA | 0 | NA | ||||||||
| Total time | |||||||||||||
| Per household (min) | 65 | 135 | NA | 65 | NA | ||||||||
| Per sample (min) | 14.1 | 29.3 | NA | 14.1 | NA | ||||||||
| For 100 samples (hours) | 23.5 | 48.8 | NA | 23.5 | NA | ||||||||
| Total samples required | |||||||||||||
| For 100 positive samples | 1000 | 730 | NA | 100 | NA | ||||||||
| Total time required | |||||||||||||
| For 100 positive samples (hours) | 235.0 | 356.5 | NA | 23.5 | NA | ||||||||
| Storage | |||||||||||||
| Overnight storage place | Cool, dry place | Not stored overnight | NA | Cool, dry place | NA | ||||||||
| Transportation to lab | |||||||||||||
| N (%) within 24 h | 1463/1494 | (97.9) | 789/796 | (99.1) | 343/348 | (98.6) | NA | 1459/1478 | (98.7) | NA | |||
| Costs per participant/sample | |||||||||||||
| Swabs/swab packs | NA | 0.81 | 1.51 | NA | 0.4 | NA | |||||||
| (USD $) | |||||||||||||
| Health-worker time2 | NA | 0.62 | 1.29 | NA | 0.62 | NA | |||||||
| Transportation | NA | 0.16 | 0.16 | NA | 0.16 | NA | |||||||
| Lab consumables | NA | 3.83 | 3.83 | NA | 0.95 | NA | |||||||
| Lab staff | NA | 1.84 | 1.84 | NA | 1.84 | NA | |||||||
| Total costs | |||||||||||||
| Per sample (USD $) | NA | 7.26 | 8.63 | NA | 3.97 | NA | |||||||
| For 100 samples (USD $) | NA | 726 | 863 | NA | 397 | NA | |||||||
| For 100 positive samples (USD $) | NA | 7260 | 6300 | NA | 397 | NA | |||||||
1Commune was 4 km at the widest point. Average travel time estimated at 10 min per household in each direction, and average of 2.5 visits per household for self-administered swabs and 4 visits for health-worker swabs.
2Based on health-worker time above, assuming 4.6 members per household and $2.64 per hour. Does not include interview time.
3$0.81 for the swab kit, plus $0.70 for a separate flocked swab.