Table 1.
Potential drugs or therapies targeting modulation of macrophage polarization to promote diabetic wound healing
| Classification | Examples | Model | Effect on diabetic wound healing | Wound healing results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs | MT-Exo | Mouse (Rat) | Activate the PTEN/ATK pathway and decrease the number of M1 macrophages. | Wound healing is promoted | [62] |
| Insulin | Rat | Induction of macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. | Wound healing is promoted | [59] | |
| CSO | Mouse | IL-10, Arg-1↑ | Wound healing is promoted | [72] | |
| pUBM | Mouse | Reduced inflammation via SHH pathway increases M2 polarization | Wound angiogenesis is promoted | [73] | |
| Quercetin, docosahexaenoic acid | Rat | Restoration of the M1/M2 balance of macrophages | Wound healing is promoted | [74,75] | |
| ON101 | Mouse | Regulates the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages. | Wound healing is promoted | [76] | |
| Biomaterials | Col I/SCS | Mouse | Facilitated the transition from M1 to M2. | Wound healing is promoted | [77] |
| DESs | Human | Significantly increase the number of M2 macrophages | Wound healing is promoted | [78] | |
| HA-JK1 | Cell | Facilitated the transition from M1 to M2. | Wound healing is promoted | [79] | |
| KSiNPs | Mouse | Induce differentiation to M2 phenotype. | Wound healing is promoted | [80] | |
| Lactococcus lactis thermo-sensitive hydrogel | Mouse | Promotes polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2. | Wound healing is promoted | [81] | |
| Stem cells | ADSCs | Mouse | Induces macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype. | Wound healing is promoted | [82] |
| MSC | Mouse | Regulates macrophage infiltration | Wound healing is promoted | [83] | |
| hMSCs | Rat | Induces macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype. | Wound healing is promoted | [84] | |
| BM-MSCs | Mouse | Promotes polarization of the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. | Wound healing is promoted | [85] | |
| ASCs | Mouse | Reduced the number of macrophages and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. | Wound healing is promoted | [86] | |
| miRNA and lncRNA regulation | miR-146a | Human | Inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB axis | Wound healing is promoted | [45] |
| miR-145a-5p | Mouse | Blocks M1 polarization, promotes M2 activation | Wound healing is promoted | [87] | |
| miR-29ab1 | Mouse | Modulate inflammatory response | Wound healing is promoted | [88] | |
| lncRNA GAS5 | Mouse | Disable GAS5 function | Wound healing is promoted | [88] | |
| lncRNA XIST | Mouse | Enhanced fibroblast extracellular matrix production | Wound healing is promoted | [89] |
MT-Exo melatonin-stimulated MSC-derived exosomes, CSO collagenase santyl ointment, pUBM porcine urinary bladder matrix, Col I/SCS sulfated chitosan (SCS)-doped collagen type I hydrogel, DESs dermal/epidermal substitutes, HA-JK1 a new hybrid system formed by doping hydrogen sulfide and hyaluronic acid, KSiNPs KGM-modified SiO2 nanoparticles, ADSCs adipose tissue-derived stem cell, MSCs mesenchymal stem cell, hMSCs human mesenchymal stromal cell, BM-MSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, ASCs adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells