Table 1.

Comprehensive overview of various next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.

Name of Sequencer	Sanger Sequencing	Roche 454 sequencing	Solexa-Illumina	ABI SOLiD	SMRT	Nanopore
Based on Principle	“Dideoxy chain termination”	“Sequencing by synthesis”	“Sequencing by synthesis”	“Sequencing by ligation”	“Sequencing by synthesis”	“Electrical signal sequencing”
Advantage	Higher sensitivity to detect low-frequency variants	Long read length, ferments are generated in large number	Enables a wide variety of applications, allowing researchers to ask virtually any question related to the genome, transcriptome, or epigenome of any organism	High accuracy, Coverage is more than 30x, Detecting targeted re-sequencing, and transcriptome sequencing	Short time-consuming and no need for PCR amplification	Ability to produce ultra-long reads
Disadvantage	Sequencing could only small DNA sequence, higher cost, and minimum high throughput	More than 6 error rates with polybases, high cost, and low throughput	Short reads length, low multiplexing capability, only highly trained person can operate	Short read length, prone to chain decoding error	High cost and minimum high throughput	High single-base error rate and long sequencing time
Length of base pair	15-40bp	300-800 bp	2×150bp	~75 bp	8-15 to 40-70kb	500bp-2.3Mb
Developed by and year	Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977	Shankar Balasubramania and David Klenerman in 2005	Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman in 2006	Robert C. Martin (also known as Uncle Bob) in 2006	Christian Henry, and  John F. Milligan in 2004	Hagan Bayley Clive G. Brown et al., in 2005
Run time	4-5hrs	24 hrs	6-7 days	6-7 days	~6 hrs	10 minutes
Output data	1.9~84 Kb	~7 Gb	600 Gb	120 Gb	5~10Gb	More than 50 Gb
References	Sanger et al., 1977	Zhang et al., 2016	Wang et al., 2009	Xu, 2018	Li et al., 2018	Ma et al., 2019