Table 2.
The treatment of IR in ischemic stroke.
| Therapeutic approach | Method | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy diet | Improve insulin sensitivity |
|
| Non-pharmacological modalities | Smoking cessation | Improve insulin sensitivity |
| Exercise | Improve insulin sensitivity |
|
| Intranasal insulin | Intranasal insulin | Activate AKT |
| Thiazolidinediones | Activate PPAR-γ | |
| Metformin | Activate AMPK | |
| Insulin sensitizers | Statins | Regulate lipid metabolism |
| Astaxanthin, α-ketoglutarate |
Inhibit mTOR/S6K1 | |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | Semaglutide, Exendin-4, etc. | Active GLP-1 receptor |
PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1. IR, insulin resistance.