Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics at baseline by 11 LDL-C categories
| Variables | Characteristics | LDL-C < 55 mg/dL |
55–69 mg/dL |
70–84 mg/dL |
85–99 mg/dL |
100–114 mg/dL |
115–129 mg/dL |
130–144 mg/dL |
145–159 mg/dL |
160–174 mg/dL |
175–189 mg/dL |
≥ 190 mg/dL |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1.42 mmol/L |
1.42–1.80 mmol/L |
1.81–2.19 mmol/L |
2.20–2.58 mmol/L |
2.59–2.96 mmol/L |
2.97–3.35 mmol/L |
3.36–3.74 mmol/L |
3.75–4.13 mmol/L |
4.14–4.52 mmol/L |
4.53–4.90 mmol/L |
≥ 4.91 mmol/L |
|||||||||||||||
| N = 14 884 975 | n = 358 984 | n = 710 498 | n = 1 558 683 | n = 2 423 212 | n = 2 781 543 | n = 2 556 276 | n = 1 916 191 | n = 1 236 071 | n = 690 341 | n = 349 802 | n = 303 374 | ||||||||||||||
| Age | years | 46.6 | ± 13.8 | 44.4 | ± 14.4 | 42.0 | ± 14.3 | 42.3 | ± 14.1 | 43.9 | ± 13.9 | 45.8 | ± 13.7 | 47.6 | ± 13.4 | 49.2 | ± 13.1 | 50.5 | ± 12.8 | 51.5 | ± 12.5 | 52.3 | ± 12.3 | 53.1 | ± 12.2 |
| LDL-Ca | mg/dL | 114.5 | ± 33.4 | 41.8 | ± 11.9 | 63.2 | ± 4.2 | 77.8 | ± 4.3 | 92.4 | ± 4.3 | 107.0 | ± 4.3 | 121.8 | ± 4.3 | 136.5 | ± 4.3 | 151.4 | ± 4.3 | 166.2 | ± 4.3 | 181.1 | ± 4.3 | 209.5 | ± 24.2 |
| HDL-Ca | mg/dL | 55.3 | ± 13.8 | 57.6 | ± 21.0 | 57.5 | ± 16.4 | 56.8 | ± 15.0 | 56.1 | ± 14.1 | 55.3 | ± 13.5 | 54.6 | ± 13.0 | 54.2 | ± 12.7 | 53.9 | ± 12.4 | 53.9 | ± 12.3 | 54.1 | ± 12.3 | 54.4 | ± 12.9 |
| Body mass index | kg/m2 | 23.6 | ± 3.5 | 23.2 | ± 3.4 | 22.7 | ± 3.3 | 22.7 | ± 3.2 | 23.0 | ± 3.6 | 23.4 | ± 3.7 | 23.8 | ± 3.1 | 24.1 | ± 3.1 | 24.4 | ± 4.2 | 24.5 | ± 4.0 | 24.7 | ± 3.1 | 24.8 | ± 3.1 |
| Total cholesterola | mg/dL | 196.1 | ± 36.4 | 150.2 | ± 35.6 | 150.9 | ± 24.8 | 160.2 | ± 20.6 | 173.0 | ± 18.4 | 187.0 | ± 17.2 | 201.5 | ± 16.5 | 216.6 | ± 16.3 | 231.8 | ± 16.2 | 247.2 | ± 16.4 | 262.9 | ± 16.8 | 292.9 | ± 32.1 |
| Log-transformed TG | mg/dL | 4.7 | ± 0.6 | 5.2 | ± 0.9 | 4.7 | ± 0.7 | 4.6 | ± 0.7 | 4.6 | ± 0.6 | 4.6 | ± 0.6 | 4.7 | ± 0.5 | 4.7 | ± 0.5 | 4.8 | ± 0.5 | 4.8 | ± 0.5 | 4.8 | ± 0.5 | 4.9 | ± 0.5 |
| Fasting glucoseb | mg/dL | 96.5 | ± 22.7 | 99.9 | ± 30.3 | 95.1 | ± 23.8 | 94.2 | ± 21.5 | 94.6 | ± 21.0 | 95.5 | ± 21.2 | 96.6 | ± 21.8 | 97.7 | ± 22.6 | 98.7 | ± 23.6 | 99.7 | ± 24.8 | 100.8 | ± 26.3 | 103.0 | ± 30.2 |
| Systolic blood pressure | mm Hg | 121.9 | ± 15.1 | 123.9 | ± 16.0 | 120.4 | ± 15.2 | 119.7 | ± 14.9 | 120.1 | ± 14.8 | 121.2 | ± 14.8 | 122.2 | ± 14.9 | 123.2 | ± 15.0 | 124.0 | ± 15.1 | 124.7 | ± 15.3 | 125.2 | ± 15.4 | 126.0 | ± 15.8 |
| Sex | Women | 7 045 784 | (47.3) | 120 135 | (33.5) | 315 425 | (44.4) | 739 330 | (47.4) | 1 155 943 | (47.7) | 1 306 196 | (47.0) | 1 189 491 | (46.5) | 901 911 | (47.1) | 603 342 | (48.8) | 350 934 | (50.8) | 187 504 | (53.6) | 175 573 | (57.9) |
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 9 010 837 | (60.5) | 166 941 | (46.5) | 399 091 | (56.2) | 929 431 | (59.6) | 1 474 309 | (60.8) | 1 692 532 | (60.8) | 1 551 719 | (60.7) | 1 170 006 | (61.1) | 764 976 | (61.9) | 435 090 | (63.0) | 225 047 | (64.3) | 201 695 | (66.5) |
| Past smoker | 2 038 480 | (13.7) | 48 640 | (13.5) | 86 561 | (12.2) | 190 800 | (12.2) | 313 217 | (12.9) | 385 422 | (13.9) | 371 370 | (14.5) | 282 363 | (14.7) | 180 054 | (14.6) | 96 906 | (14.0) | 46 950 | (13.4) | 36 197 | (11.9) | |
| Current smoker | 3 763 277 | (25.3) | 142 123 | (39.6) | 221 473 | (31.2) | 430 489 | (27.6) | 623 533 | (25.7) | 689 581 | (24.8) | 620 722 | (24.3) | 454 538 | (23.7) | 285 128 | (23.1) | 155 104 | (22.5) | 76 316 | (21.8) | 64 270 | (21.2) | |
| Missing | 72 381 | (0.5) | 1280 | (0.4) | 3373 | (0.5) | 7963 | (0.5) | 12 153 | (0.5) | 14 008 | (0.5) | 12 465 | (0.5) | 9284 | (0.5) | 5913 | (0.5) | 3241 | (0.5) | 1489 | (0.4) | 1212 | (0.4) | |
| Alcohol use, | <1 day/week | 7 508 864 | (50.4) | 120 594 | (33.6) | 290 643 | (40.9) | 697 534 | (44.8) | 1 150 266 | (47.5) | 1 383 833 | (49.8) | 1 324 512 | (51.8) | 1 033 884 | (54.0) | 696 878 | (56.4) | 404 447 | (58.6) | 213 128 | (60.9) | 193 145 | (63.7) |
| Frequency | 1–2 days/week | 5 249 644 | (35.3) | 135 447 | (37.7) | 279 866 | (39.4) | 606 684 | (38.9) | 914 092 | (37.7) | 1 008 952 | (36.3) | 890 701 | (34.8) | 637 564 | (33.3) | 390 216 | (31.6) | 207 677 | (30.1) | 99 164 | (28.3) | 79 281 | (26.1) |
| 3–4 days/week | 1 419 202 | (9.5) | 64 099 | (17.9) | 92 853 | (13.1) | 170 278 | (10.9) | 241 104 | (9.9) | 261 040 | (9.4) | 229 082 | (9.0) | 164 007 | (8.6) | 99 467 | (8.0) | 51 966 | (7.5) | 25 074 | (7.2) | 20 232 | (6.7) | |
| 5–7 days/week | 573 560 | (3.9) | 36 608 | (10.2) | 41 393 | (5.8) | 70 369 | (4.5) | 95 083 | (3.9) | 101 865 | (3.7) | 88 479 | (3.5) | 63 213 | (3.3) | 38 440 | (3.1) | 20 236 | (2.9) | 9548 | (2.7) | 8326 | (2.7) | |
| Missing | 133 705 | (0.9) | 2236 | (0.6) | 5743 | (0.8) | 13 818 | (0.9) | 22 667 | (0.9) | 25 853 | (0.9) | 23 502 | (0.9) | 17 523 | (0.9) | 11 070 | (0.9) | 6015 | (0.9) | 2888 | (0.8) | 2390 | (0.8) | |
| Physical activity | No | 8 435 887 | (56.7) | 206 815 | (57.6) | 406 151 | (57.2) | 884 616 | (56.8) | 1 367 037 | (56.4) | 1 562 858 | (56.2) | 1 438 520 | (56.3) | 1 082 016 | (56.5) | 704 370 | (57.0) | 398 048 | (57.7) | 203 899 | (58.3) | 181 557 | (59.8) |
| 1 day/week | 2 122 187 | (14.3) | 52 522 | (14.6) | 106 686 | (15.0) | 234 945 | (15.1) | 360 792 | (14.9) | 405 801 | (14.6) | 361 452 | (14.1) | 264 030 | (13.8) | 165 690 | (13.4) | 89 575 | (13.0) | 44 123 | (12.6) | 36 571 | (12.1) | |
| ≥2 days/week | 4 326 901 | (29.1) | 99 647 | (27.8) | 197 661 | (27.8) | 439 122 | (28.2) | 695 383 | (28.7) | 812 884 | (29.2) | 756 304 | (29.6) | 570 145 | (29.8) | 366 011 | (29.6) | 202 718 | (29.4) | 101 780 | (29.1) | 85 246 | (28.1) | |
| Age group, years | 18–44 | 6 970 970 | (46.8) | 195 430 | (54.4) | 439 363 | (61.8) | 953 446 | (61.2) | 1 365 299 | (56.3) | 1 386 955 | (49.9) | 1 114 517 | (43.6) | 728 219 | (38.0) | 412 622 | (33.4) | 206 469 | (29.9) | 94 686 | (27.1) | 73 964 | (24.4) |
| 45–64 | 6 182 656 | (41.5) | 124 545 | (34.7) | 207 719 | (29.2) | 470 358 | (30.2) | 827 677 | (34.2) | 1 094 705 | (39.4) | 1 133 307 | (44.3) | 930 898 | (48.6) | 642 868 | (52.0) | 376 381 | (54.5) | 198 194 | (56.7) | 176 004 | (58.0) | |
| 65–74 | 1 348 019 | (9.1) | 30 830 | (8.6) | 48 733 | (6.9) | 103 312 | (6.6) | 177 086 | (7.3) | 232 089 | (8.3) | 241 127 | (9.4) | 201 893 | (10.5) | 142 191 | (11.5) | 84 619 | (12.3) | 44 521 | (12.7) | 41 618 | (13.7) | |
| 75–84 | 350 581 | (2.4) | 7442 | (2.1) | 13 170 | (1.9) | 28 368 | (1.8) | 47 999 | (2.0) | 61 772 | (2.2) | 61 846 | (2.4) | 50 812 | (2.7) | 35 523 | (2.9) | 21 217 | (3.1) | 11 501 | (3.3) | 10 931 | (3.6) | |
| 85–99 | 32 749 | (0.2) | 737 | (0.2) | 1513 | (0.2) | 3199 | (0.2) | 5151 | (0.2) | 6022 | (0.2) | 5479 | (0.2) | 4369 | (0.2) | 2867 | (0.2) | 1655 | (0.2) | 900 | (0.3) | 857 | (0.3) | |
| Income status, | 1 (low-income) | 3 070 463 | (20.6) | 82 611 | (23.0) | 162 091 | (22.8) | 341 760 | (21.9) | 510 474 | (21.1) | 568 211 | (20.4) | 510 616 | (20.0) | 378 161 | (19.7) | 243 994 | (19.7) | 137 496 | (19.9) | 71 203 | (20.4) | 63 846 | (21.0) |
| quartile | 2 | 3 234 389 | (21.7) | 92 855 | (25.9) | 184 925 | (26.0) | 390 222 | (25.0) | 567 093 | (23.4) | 606 436 | (21.8) | 525 614 | (20.6) | 375 742 | (19.6) | 236 860 | (19.2) | 130 082 | (18.8) | 65 454 | (18.7) | 59 106 | (19.5) |
| 3 | 3 998 276 | (26.9) | 98 361 | (27.4) | 193 254 | (27.2) | 426 495 | (27.4) | 663 430 | (27.4) | 752 544 | (27.1) | 683 089 | (26.7) | 507 371 | (26.5) | 323 809 | (26.2) | 179 726 | (26.0) | 91 304 | (26.1) | 78 893 | (26.0) | |
| 4 | 4 581 847 | (30.8) | 85 157 | (23.7) | 170 228 | (24.0) | 400 206 | (25.7) | 682 215 | (28.2) | 854 352 | (30.7) | 836 957 | (32.7) | 654 917 | (34.2) | 431 408 | (34.9) | 243 037 | (35.2) | 121 841 | (34.8) | 101 529 | (33.5) | |
| Body mass index, | <18.5 | 607 278 | (4.1) | 24 750 | (6.9) | 58 267 | (8.2) | 115 383 | (7.4) | 139 061 | (5.7) | 115 369 | (4.1) | 75 352 | (2.9) | 41 336 | (2.2) | 20 434 | (1.7) | 9544 | (1.4) | 4201 | (1.2) | 3581 | (1.2) |
| kg/m2 | 18.5–24.9 | 9 724 620 | (65.3) | 229 724 | (64.0) | 491 895 | (69.2) | 1 095 543 | (70.3) | 1 684 001 | (69.5) | 1 872 622 | (67.3) | 1 653 671 | (64.7) | 1 188 540 | (62.0) | 740 502 | (59.9) | 401 292 | (58.1) | 198 461 | (56.7) | 168 369 | (55.5) |
| 25–29.9 | 4 066 600 | (27.3) | 92 802 | (25.9) | 144 053 | (20.3) | 313 243 | (20.1) | 540 066 | (22.3) | 712 363 | (25.6) | 739 222 | (28.9) | 610 985 | (31.9) | 421 836 | (34.1) | 247 310 | (35.8) | 129 769 | (37.1) | 114 951 | (37.9) | |
| ≥30 | 486 477 | (3.3) | 11 708 | (3.3) | 16 283 | (2.3) | 34 514 | (2.2) | 60 084 | (2.5) | 81 189 | (2.9) | 88 031 | (3.4) | 75 330 | (3.9) | 53 299 | (4.3) | 32 195 | (4.7) | 17 371 | (5.0) | 16 473 | (5.4) | |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).
The P-values, which were calculated by the chi-square test and one-way ANOVA across the LDL-C groups, were <0.001 for each variable.
a
To convert cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586.
b
To convert glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.