Table 3.
Individual components of the score by oxidative balance scores quartile.
| Oxidative balance scores | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||||||
| Variables | Q1 (n = 717) | Q2 (n = 655) | Q3 (n = 607) | Q4 (n = 407) | p* | Q1 (n = 638) | Q2 (n = 742) | Q3 (n = 783) | Q4 (n = 632) | p* |
| Saturated fatty acid, g/day | 8.7 ± 3.9 | 10.5 ± 6.2 | 12.4 ± 6.8 | 13.8 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 | 8.0 ± 3.8 | 9.4 ± 5.7 | 11.7 ± 6.7 | 15.1 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
| omega-6 PUFA intake, g/day | 7.6 ± 4.3 | 8.3 ± 4.9 | 9.0 ± 5.6 | 9.3 ± 4.7 | <0.001 | 7.4 ± 3.9 | 7.9 ± 5.5 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 9.8 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Total iron intake, mg/day | 16.0 ± 6.0 | 18.7 ± 8.5 | 22.8 ± 11.2 | 24.8 ± 9.5 | <0.001 | 14.6 ± 5.3 | 16.5 ± 7.0 | 21.2 ± 10.0 | 26.0 ± 13.5 | <0.001 |
| Copper intake, μg/day | 1,154.5 ± 858.4 | 1,215.1 ± 891.8 | 1,438.9 ± 956.4 | 1,382.4 ± 740.2 | <0.001 | 1,219.2 ± 961.6 | 1,158.0 ± 848.3 | 1,448.4 ± 951.3 | 1,550.1 ± 932.0 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 480 (66.9%) | 348 (53.1%) | 272 (44.8%) | 126 (31.0%) | 45 (7.1%) | 28 (3.8%) | 12 (1.5%) | 4 (0.6%) | ||
| Former smoker | 165 (23.0%) | 198 (30.2%) | 193 (31.8%) | 115 (28.3%) | 15 (2.4%) | 8 (1.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 2 (0.3%) | ||
| Never smoker | 72 (10.0%) | 109 (16.6%) | 142 (23.4%) | 166 (40.8%) | 578 (90.6%) | 706 (95.1%) | 765 (97.7%) | 626 (99.1%) | ||
| Drinking status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Heavy drinker | 197 (27.5%) | 124 (18.9%) | 90 (14.8%) | 33 (8.1%) | 18 (2.8%) | 14 (1.9%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Mild to moderate drinker | 400 (55.8%) | 341 (52.1%) | 318 (52.4%) | 159 (39.1%) | 218 (34.2%) | 229 (30.9%) | 194 (24.8%) | 120 (19.0%) | ||
| Non-drinker | 120 (16.7%) | 190 (29.0%) | 199 (32.8%) | 215 (52.8%) | 402 (63.0%) | 499 (67.3%) | 583 (74.5%) | 512 (81.0%) | ||
| Obesity status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Obese | 368 (51.3%) | 235 (35.9%) | 152 (25.0%) | 54 (13.3%) | 407 (63.8%) | 304 (41.0%) | 268 (34.2%) | 85 (13.4%) | ||
| Overweight | 198 (27.6%) | 186 (28.4%) | 187 (30.8%) | 100 (24.6%) | 162 (25.4%) | 210 (28.3%) | 212 (27.1%) | 193 (30.5%) | ||
| Normal weight | 151 (21.1%) | 234 (35.7%) | 268 (44.2%) | 253 (62.2%) | 69 (10.8%) | 228 (30.7%) | 303 (38.7%) | 354 (56.0%) | ||
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 189 (26.4%) | 115 (17.6%) | 54 (8.9%) | 17 (4.2%) | <0.001 | 310 (48.6%) | 213 (28.7%) | 189 (24.1%) | 71 (11.2%) | <0.001 |
| omega-3 PUFA intake, g/day | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg/day | 73.3 ± 38.5 | 103.6 ± 74.9 | 142.9 ± 103.6 | 171.1 ± 108.2 | <0.001 | 75.0 ± 50.5 | 108.6 ± 85.6 | 159.0 ± 137.7 | 221.1 ± 156.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E intake, mg/day | 10.5 ± 3.8 | 13.5 ± 6.6 | 17.0 ± 9.3 | 19.2 ± 7.2 | <0.001 | 9.1 ± 3.3 | 11.6 ± 6.1 | 16.0 ± 7.9 | 20.8 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Selenium intake, μg/day | 37.5 ± 18.3 | 49.6 ± 31.5 | 62.5 ± 36.6 | 72.1 ± 31.4 | <0.001 | 30.2 ± 17.1 | 39.5 ± 23.0 | 54.6 ± 32.2 | 73.9 ± 53.1 | <0.001 |
| Beta-carotene intake, μg/day | 2,228.9 ± 1,729.1 | 3,301.6 ± 2,880.8 | 4,646.9 ± 4,304.3 | 5,338.5 ± 3,714.7 | <0.001 | 1,916.9 ± 1,269.8 | 2,629.6 ± 1,893.9 | 4,250.4 ± 3,515.0 | 5,793.2 ± 4,690.9 | <0.001 |
| Zinc intake, mg/day | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 12.2 ± 4.6 | 14.2 ± 5.2 | 15.5 ± 4.4 | <0.001 | 10.0 ± 3.0 | 11.0 ± 3.9 | 13.5 ± 5.2 | 16.0 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Low (<7.5 METs-hr/wk) | 73 (10.2%) | 36 (5.5%) | 28 (4.6%) | 6 (1.5%) | 98 (15.4%) | 67 (9.0%) | 53 (6.8%) | 37 (5.9%) | ||
| Moderate (7.5–30 METs-hr/wk) | 507 (70.7%) | 399 (60.9%) | 375 (61.8%) | 204 (50.1%) | 421 (66.0%) | 516 (69.5%) | 522 (66.7%) | 370 (58.5%) | ||
| High (>30 METs-hr/wk) | 137 (19.1%) | 220 (33.6%) | 204 (33.6%) | 197 (48.4%) | 119 (18.7%) | 159 (21.4%) | 208 (26.6%) | 225 (35.6%) | ||
*
p value for the comparison of the baseline characteristics among sex-specific quartile groups of oxidative balance score at the baseline survey.
Significance was set at p < 0.05.
PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acid; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.