Table 2. Toxicity of ChCl/HBD_1–5 DESs Towards Animal Models^a.

	DES
Animal model	Components	Ratio	Results		Ref.
Brine shrimp (Artemia salina)	ChCl/Gly	1/3	• All DESs were toxic		(12a)
	ChCl/EG	1/3	• Higher toxicity for DESs than for components alone or their mixture
	ChCl/U	1/3
Hydra (Hydra sinensis)	ChCl/Gly	Variousb	• All DESs were toxic		(13)
	ChCl/EG	Variousb	• Lower toxicity for DESs than for components alone (particularly ChCl) or their mixture
	ChCl/U	Variousb
Crustacean (Daphnia magna)			EC50 (mg/L)		(14a)
	ChCl/Gly	1/2	2530	• All DESs were “relatively harmless”
	ChCl/EG	1/2	1870	• The DES components alone were not tested
	ChCl/U	1/2	1100
Fish (Cyprinius carpio)			LC50 (mg/L)		(15)
	ChCl/Gly	1/2, 1/3	>100	• All DESs were “practically harmless”, as well as their components alone or their mixture
	ChCl/EG	1/2, 1/3	>100
	ChCl/U	1/2	>100	• Among DES components, slight toxicity for MA solution (LC50 = 50 ± 15 mg/L) and ChCl + MA solution (LC50 = 55 ± 13 mg/L)
	ChCl/Glu	2/1	>100
	ChCl/MA	1/1	>100
Mice			LD50 (g/kg)		(17)
	ChCl/Gly	1/3	6.39 ± 0.53	• All DESs were relatively toxic
		1/2	7.73c	• Higher toxicity for DESs than for components alone
	ChCl/EG	1/3	5.33 ± 0.49	• Liver and kidney injury detected (oxidative stress)
	ChCl/U	1/3	toxic	• Ammonia stress detected with ChCl/U 1/2
		1/2	5.46 ± 0.36

^aAll other DESs studied in the considered papers are not reported.

^b1/1, 1/2, 2/1 ratios were tested, without significant differences from one another.

^c95% confidence interval: 7.13–8.39 g/kg.^17c