Table 4.
The odds ratio of BMI categories according to metabolic and lifestyle risk factors of Iranian adults by sex.
| Variable | Sex | Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | p-value | Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | p-value | Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | p-value | Obesity (30 ≤ BMI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (FPG ≥ 126 or self-report) | Female | 0.118 (0.052,0.267) | <0.001 | 0.509 (0.409,0.634) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.692,0.948) | 0.009 | 2.128 (1.826,2.481) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.199 (0.094,0.422) | <0.001 | 0.527 (0.419,0.662) | <0.001 | 1.061 (0.875,1.287) | 0.548 | 2.304 (1.85,2.868) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.4% or self-report) | Female | 0.072 (0.029,0.177) | <0.001 | 0.417 (0.338,0.516) | <0.001 | 0.788 (0.676,0.918) | 0.002 | 2.487 (2.137,2.895) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.275 (0.153,0.496) | <0.001 | 0.496 (0.403,0.61) | <0.001 | 1.067 (0.895,1.272) | 0.472 | 2.463 (2.015,3.01) | <0.001 | |
| Pre-diabetes (100 ≤ FPG < 126) | Female | 0.506 (0.285,0.9) | 0.02 | 0.63 (0.532,0.746) | <0.001 | 0.886 (0.771,1.018) | 0.088 | 1.681 (1.461,1.933) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.941 (0.619,1.433) | 0.778 | 0.77 (0.658,0.901) | 0.001 | 1.162 (1,1.35) | 0.05 | 1.178 (0.983,1.41) | 0.077 | |
| Pre-diabetes (5.7% ≤ HbA1c < 6.4%) | Female | 0.86 (0.616,1.2) | 0.375 | 0.716 (0.627,0.819) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.006,1.269) | 0.039 | 1.167 (1.039,1.312) | 0.009 |
| Male | 1.38 (0.994,1.916) | 0.054 | 0.932 (0.818,1.062) | 0.289 | 1.043 (0.916,1.188) | 0.528 | 0.985 (0.835,1.163) | 0.862 | |
|
LDL-C
(LDL ≥ 100 mg/dl) |
Female | 0.601 (0.431,0.838) | 0.003 | 0.73 (0.643,0.829) | <0.001 | 1.161 (1.036,1.302) | 0.01 | 1.155 (1.028,1.297) | 0.015 |
| Male | 0.463 (0.319,0.671) | <0.001 | 0.986 (0.865,1.123) | 0.829 | 1.135 (0.997,1.293) | 0.056 | 0.945 (0.799,1.116) | 0.502 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl or self-report of drug taking) | Female | 0.381 (0.254,0.572) | <0.001 | 0.577 (0.497,0.67) | <0.001 | 1.064 (0.943,1.2) | 0.312 | 1.535 (1.359,1.735) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.194 (0.116,0.326) | <0.001 | 0.615 (0.526,0.721) | <0.001 | 1.291 (1.119,1.49) | <0.001 | 1.591 (1.336,1.896) | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or self-report of drug taking) | Female | 0.344 (0.255,0.463) | <0.001 | 0.372 (0.339,0.408) | <0.001 | 0.961 (0.889,1.039) | 0.314 | 2.698 (2.49,2.922) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.344 (0.255,0.463) | <0.001 | 0.456 (0.416,0.5) | <0.001 | 1.386 (1.272,1.512) | <0.001 | 2.312 (2.077,2.572) | <0.001 | |
| Pre-hypertension (120 ≤ systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg or 80 ≤ diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) | Female | 0.761 (0.575,1.007) | 0.056 | 0.742 (0.656,0.84) | <0.001 | 1.151 (1.032,1.283) | 0.011 | 1.217 (1.087,1.361) | 0.001 |
| Male | 0.761 (0.575,1.007) | 0.056 | 0.96 (0.867,1.062) | 0.429 | 1.114 (1.007,1.233) | 0.037 | 0.949 (0.831,1.083) | 0.437 | |
| Ever tobacco smoking | Female | 1.666 (1.355,2.048) | <0.001 | 1.139 (0.982,1.32) | 0.086 | 0.701 (0.604,0.815) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.065,1.421) | 0.005 |
| Male | 1.666 (1.355,2.048) | <0.001 | 1.206 (1.109,1.312) | <0.001 | 0.783 (0.718,0.853) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.86,1.074) | 0.483 | |
| Ever cigarette smoking | Female | 1.001 (1.001,1.001) | <0.001 | 1 (1,1.001) | 0.085 | 0.999 (0.999,1) | <0.001 | 1 (1,1.001) | 0.005 |
| Male | 1.001 (1.001,1.001) | <0.001 | 1 (1,1) | <0.001 | 1 (0.999,1) | <0.001 | 1 (1,1) | 0.481 | |
| Current daily cigarette smoking | Female | 1.001 (1.001,1.002) | <0.001 | 1.001 (1,1.002) | 0.057 | 1 (0.999,1) | 0.266 | 1 (0.999,1.001) | 0.663 |
| Male | 1.001 (1.001,1.002) | <0.001 | 1 (1,1.001) | <0.001 | 1 (0.999,1) | <0.001 | 1 (0.999,1) | <0.001 |
Data in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals (CI).
*Significant at p < 0.05.
**Significant at p < 0.01.
***Significant at p < 0.001.