Figure 1.

Map of study area, indicating location of Pandora sensors (white symbols) in: Manhattan, NY; Queens, NY; New Brunswick, NJ; and New Haven, CT; overlaid with mean 2019 annual total column NO₂ from TROPOMI (in DU). Major pollutant emitters (red symbols) in the area are included, specifically the PSEG Bergen Generating Station in Ridgefield (BG), the Linden Generating Station (LG), and the Phillips 66 Bayway (PB) Refinery in Linden (major emission sources in NJ), and the Astoria (AG) and Ravenswood Generating (RG) Stations in Queens, NY (among the largest greenhouse gas polluters in the state of NY in 2018 and 2019).