Table 1.

Adherence-assurance rankings for qualifying studies (n = 22 studies)

	Monitoring method A				Monitoring method B
Study	Method	Confidencea (%)	Frequency (%)	Subscore	Method	Confidence (%)	Frequency (%)	Subscore	Raw score (%)	Normal score (%)	Adherence-assurance rating
Garbutt et al., 2005b	Extended release	3	100	300	–	–	–	–	300	100	High
Kranzler et al., 2004c	Extended release	3	100	300	–	–	–	–	300	100	High
Oslinetal., 1997	Direct supervision	3	100	300	–	–	–	–	300	100	High
Krystal et al., 2001	6β-naltrexol (plasma)	3	1	3	MEMS caps	2	99	198	201	67	Medium
O'Malley et al., 2003 (Trial 2)	MEMS caps	2	100	200	–	–	–	–	200	67	Medium
O'Malley et al., 2003 (Trial 3)	MEMS caps	2	100	200	–	–	–	–	200	67	Medium
Petrakis et al., 2005	MEMS caps	2	100	200	–	–	–	–	200	67	Medium
Guardia et al., 2002	Intermittent direct supervision	3	43	129	Pill counts	1	57	57	186	62	Medium
Monti et al., 2001	Riboflavin	2	10	20	Pill counts	1	90	90	110	37	Low
Chick et al., 2000	6β-naltrexol (urine)	3	N.R.	Unknown	Pill counts	1	100–N.R.	<100	>100	>33	Low
Gastpar et al., 2002	6β-naltrexol (urine)	3	N.R.	Unknown	Pill counts	1	100–N.R.	<100	>100	>33	Low
Anton et al., 2006	Blister packs	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Balldin et al., 2003	Pill counts	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Kiefer et al.,2003	Pill counts	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Monterosso et al., 2001	Blister packs	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Morley et al., 2006	Pill counts	1	100	100	Self-report	1	N.R.	0	100	33	Low
Morris et al., 2001	Pill counts	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Petrakis et al., 2004	Pill counts	1	100	100	–	–	–	–	100	33	Low
Volpicelli et al., 1997	Pill counts	1	100	100	Self-report	1	100	0	100	33	Low
Schmitz et al., 2004	Direct supervision	3	24	72	Riboflavin	2	N.R.	Unknown	>72	>24	Low
Anton etal., 1999	Riboflavin	2	14	28	–	–	–	–	28	9	Low
O'Malley et al., 1992	Riboflavin	2	7	14	–	–	–	–	14	5	Low

Notes: N.R. = not reported.

^aConfidence: 1 = low (self-report, pill counts, blister packs); 2 = medium (MEMS [Medication Event Monitoring System], riboflavin testing); 3 = high (supervision, extended-release formulation);

^bGarbutt et al. (2005) used the extended-release formulation developed by Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA;

^cKranzler et al. (2004) used the extended-release formulation developed by DrugAbuse Sciences, Inc., Hayward, CA.