Table 2. Comparison of Titanium-Containing Catalytic Systems of Oxidative Desulfurization.

		oxidation conditions
catalyst	substrate	oxidant	[O]/S	T (°C)	catalyst dosage (g/mLmodel fuel)	oxidation time (min)	UV	conversion (%)	reference	notes
TiO2	DBT	H2O2	not specified	40	0.006	180	yes	91	(30)Dedual 2014
anatase nano-TiO2	DBT	H2O2	10	70	0.01	1	yes	100	(31)Li 2016
amorphous TiO2 and [Bmim]BF4	DBT	H2O2	2	30	0.001 + 0.2 mL of IL	120	yes	96.6	(33)Zhu 2014
nano-TiO2 in [Bmim]BF4	DBT	O2		RTa	0.002 + 0.2 mL of IL	600	yes	98.2	(32)Wang 2012
40%-TiO2/g-C3N4	DBT	H2O2	6	RTa	0.01	120	yes	98.9	(34)Wang 2014
7.5Ti-Al-SBA-15	DBT	H2O2	20	70	0.003	360	yes	90	(61)Pham 2020
TiO2-TBOT (TBOT—titanium (IV) tetrabutoxide)	DBT	H2O2	4	60	0.01	60	no	100	(62)Zuo 2019
mesoporous TS-1	DBT	cumene hydroperoxide (CHP)	15	80	0.002	180	no	97	(35)Yang 2012
TS-1	DBT	H2O2	15	70	0.025	15	no	100	(36)Shen 2015
hierarchical TS-1	DBT	TBHP	2	60	0.005	120	no	100	(37)Lv 2018
hierarchical TS-1	DBT	TBHP	3	60	0.004	30	no	100	(63)Wang 2022
30%-Ti-MY (MY - hierarchical zeolite Y)	DBT	CHP	10	50	0.005	120	no	97	(64)Zhang 2018
Ti/C-ZSM-5–30	DBT	TBHP	6	60	0.005	20	no	100	(65)Wang 2022
Ti-CMK-3	DBT	H2O2	12	60	0.003	20	no	100	(39)Rivoira 2018
hydrophobic Ti-silica	DBT	H2O2	2.5	60	0.0006	480	no	> 99	(38)Fraile 2016
mesoporous TiO2-SiO2 composite	DBT	TBHP	2	60	0.005	25	no	100	(40)Liu 2021
2D-TiO2@MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites)	DBT	H2O2	9	69	0.0012	46	no	100	(41)Mahmoudabadi 2021
MoO3–TiO2@MCM-22	DBT	CYHPO	2	100	0.005	15	no	99.96	(42)Luo 2019	10 mL acetonitrile as extraction solvent
Ti-SBA-15	DBT	CHP	2	80	0.01	10	no	100	(66)Kim 2012
5%Mo/MTP-350 (mesoporous titanium phosphonates)	DBT	TBHP	3	40	0.002	30	no	100	(43)Chen 2021
meso/macroporous Mo/TiO2	DBT	H2O2	4	30	0.005	100	no	100	(51)Du 2020
Mo/KIT-6-Ti	DBT	CHP	4	RT	0.0075	40	no	100	(27)Zou 2021
Mo/TiO2-SO3H	DBT	H2O2	2	80	0.007	10	no	100	this work	1 mL acetonitrile as an extraction solvent

^aRT—room temperature.