. 2022 Dec 29;21:398. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04425-x

Table 2.

Determinants of use of malaria preventive measures during pregnancy in Kenya – MIS 2020.

Explanatory variables	ITN use versus no use			IPTpSP uptake versus no use			Combined uptake—IPTpSP & ITN versus no use
Explanatory variables	Relative risk ratio (RRR)	95% confidence interval (CI)	P>[z]	Relative risk ratio (RRR)	95% confidence interval (CI)	P>[z]	Relative risk ratio (RRR)	95% confidence interval (CI)	P>[z]
Maternal age (years)
15–24	Ref			Ref			Ref
25–34	1.24	0.58–2.66	0.576	1.47	0.82–2.64	0.196	2.00	1.09–3.67	0.026^a
35–49	2.31	0.99–5.41	0.053	1.88	0.85–4.16	0.117	3.57	1.80–7.08	<0.001^a
Residence
Urban	Ref			Ref			Ref
Rural	1.53	0.91–2.57	0.110	0.81	0.41–1.60	0.542	1.23	0.63–2.40	0.548
Maternal education
No education	Ref			Ref.			Ref
Primary	3.25	0.93–11.41	0.065	0.98	0.35–2.71	0.961	2.84	1.33–6.06	0.007^a
Secondary	4.64	1.17–18.45	0.030^a	0.79	0.24–2.58	0.693	2.87	1.16–7.15	0.023^a
Tertiary	3.06	0.65–14.32	0.155	0.27	0.07–0.96	0.044^a	0.88	0.27–2.82	0.827
Religion
No religion & other	Ref			Ref			Ref
Roman Catholic	0.78	0.27–2.25	0.640	0.51	0.12–2.07	0.342	1.95	0.52–7.31	0.318
Protestant or other christian	0.53	026–1.11	0.092	0.51	0.18–1.39	0.186	1.07	0.39–2.92	0.890
Muslim	0.60	0.23–1.55	0.290	0.99	0.30–3.28	0.987	2.03	0.59–6.99	0.262
Wealth index
Poor	Ref			Ref			Ref
Middle-class	0.73	0.34–1.61	0.439	0.60	0.29–1.25	0.173	0.74	0.34–1.62	0.446
Rich	2.50	1.42–4.42	0.002^a	1.57	0.85–2.91	0.147	2.14	1.19–3.84	0.011^a
Parity
Para 2 or less	Ref			Ref			Ref
Para 3 & 4	0.72	0.20–2.52	0.605	0.69	0.35–1.35	0.279	0.58	0.28–1.21	0.146
Para 5 & 6 above	0.43	0.11 -1.68	0.226	0.50	0.25–0.98	0.044^a	0.61	0.31–1.21	0.155
Exposure to malaria messages
No	Ref			Ref			Ref
Yes	0.99	0.59–1.65	0.970	1.30	0.74–2.27	0.370	1.46	0.87–2.47	0.154
Number of ANC visits
One ANC visit	Ref			Ref			Ref
Two ANC visits	2.90	0.49–17.00	0.239	4.30	1.07–17.24	0.040^a	2.46	0.52–11.68	0.256
Three ANC visits	1.01	0.24–4.30	0.987	2.85	0.77–10.51	0.115	1.73	0.44–6.91	0.433
4 or more ANC visits	0.85	0.22–3.22	0.810	1.89	0.54–6.63	0.321	1.84	0.49–6.86	0.363
Household head sex
Male	Ref			Ref			Ref
Female	0.82	0.34–1.94	0.649	1.17	0.65–2.13	0.599	0.91	0.45–1.84	0.792
Malaria epidemiological zones
Highland epidemic-prone	Ref			Ref			Ref
Lake endemic	0.79	0.37–1.71	0.865	8.99	4.92–16.43	<0.001^a	10.57	5.65–19.76	<0.001^a
Coastal endemic	0.58	0.21–1.61	0.225	4.14	1.47–11.67	0.007^a	4.86	1.86–12.67	0.001^a
Seasonal	0.28	0.12–0.64	0.002^a	0.38	0.15–0.99	0.047^a	0.21	0.10–0.39	<0.001^a
Low risk	0.14	0.06–0.30	<0.001^a	0.20	0.09–0.47	<0.001^a	0.07	0.03–0.17	<0.001^a

Ref. is the Reference Category

IPTpSP Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine in pregnancy, ITN insecticide treated net, ANC antenatal care, RRR Relative Risk Rate

^afor significant p-values at 5% alpha level is in bold