Table 1.

Recent advancements on nanobiocatalysts developed for different applications in biomedicine

Nanomaterial	Immobilized-enzyme	Application	Main findings	Reference
Liquid metal nanoparticles	Glucose oxidase	Starvation/ photothermal therapy	A significant inhibition of the solid tumor growth under Near-Infrared Light	[72]
Poly (amide amine) (PAMAM) nanoparticles	Hyaluronidase	Biocatalyst and therapeutics	Appreciable thermostability, pH tolerance and enhanced enzyme performance	[79]
Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/Chitosan nanofibers	Urease	Drug delivery systems	Preparation by electrospinning technique and removal of urea from artificial blood serum	[8]
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes	Transglutaminase	Hydrogel scaffolds designing	Immobilization efficiency, satisfactory reusability properties, biocompatible, and bioconjugation properties	[80]
Copper hybrid nanoflowers embedded with amine	Glucose oxidase	Antibacterial activity	Broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and possible use for the fabrication of antibacterial gauzes	[81]
Iron nanoparticles coated with graphene's layers supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes	Catalase	Biosensor	Hybrid nano biomaterial presenting long-term stability and high sensitivity	[82]
Zinc oxide and silicon nanowires	Glucose oxidase	Glucose biosensor	High sensibility, long-term stability, and reproducibility. Compatible with microelectronics processing to future large-scale commercial production	[83]
Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflower	Cholesterol oxidase	Cholesterol biosensor	Excellent selectivity, precision, and sensibility to detect diverse levels of cholesterol in human blood samples	[84]
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes	Microbial Transglutaminase	Application in hydrogel scaffolds design	Good cross-linking efficiency in gelatin hydrogel scaffold. Non-toxic and biocompatible strategy with good reusability. Potential for tissue engineering	[80]
Poly lactic-coglycolic acid particles and polyethylene glycol polymers with click nucleic acids (PEG-CNA-PLGA)	Cytosine deaminase	Drug delivery systems	Potential use as a co-delivery system for chemotherapy agents. It is an innovate strategy by the incorporation of click nucleic acids (CAN)	[85]