Table 2.
Multidomain Outcomes at 3 and 12 Months after Hospital Discharge
| 3 mo* (n = 48) | 12 mo (n = 47) | Effect size† (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Days after intubation‡ | 120 (103 to 136) | 411 (393 to 419) | ||
| Days after hospital discharge‡ | 90 (80 to 98) | 377 (360 to 387) | ||
| Pulmonary function test§ | ||||
| FEV1, L | 2.94 (0.83) | 3.07 (0.86) | 0.22 (0.13 to 0.30) | <0.001 |
| FEV1, % of predicted | 91 (20) | 101 (18) | 8 (6 to 11) | <0.001 |
| FEV1:FVC ratio | 80 (7) | 80 (7) | 0 (−2 to 2) | 0.987 |
| FVC, L | 3.58 (1.04) | 3.87 (1.16) | 0.37 (0.25 to 0.48) | <0.001 |
| FVC, % of predicted | 86 (21) | 98 (19) | 10 (7 to 12) | <0.001 |
| TLC, L | 5.66 (1.53) | 5.61 (1.53) | 0.12 (−0.03 to 0.27) | 0.130 |
| TLC, % of predicted | 87 (19) | 88 (19) | 2 (0 to 4) | 0.088 |
| RV, L | 2.02 (0.58) | 1.75 (0.48) | −0.26 (−0.36 to 0.16) | <0.001 |
| RV, % of predicted | 88 (21) | 76 (20) | −11 (−16 to −7) | <0.001 |
| ITGV, L | 2.94 (0.99) | 3.30 (0.95) | 0.37 (0.23 to 0.51) | <0.001 |
| ITGV, % of predicted | 87 (25) | 99 (23) | 11 (7 to 15) | <0.001 |
| DlCO, mmol/min/kPa | 5.60 (1.61) | 6.15 (1.49) | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.15) | <0.001 |
| DlCO, % of predicted | 61 (14) | 76 (16) | 16 (12 to 19) | <0.001 |
| HRCT resultsǁ | ||||
| Groundglass present, n (%) | 40 (87) | 40 (89) | 1.000 | |
| Subpleural bands present, n (%) | 31 (67) | 19 (42) | 0.010 | |
| Non subpleural bands present, n (%) | 41 (91) | 38 (84) | 0.504 | |
| Reticular opacities present, n (%) | 36 (78) | 28 (62) | 0.070 | |
| Bronchi(ol)ectasis present, n (%) | 31 (67) | 35 (78) | 0.343 | |
| Airtrapping, n (%) | 0.293 | |||
| No adequate expiration | 7 (15) | 3 (7) | ||
| None | 19 (41) | 16 (36) | ||
| Significant | 20 (44) | 26 (58) | ||
| Physical performance¶ | ||||
| 6MWD, m | 445 (133) | 512 (122) | 76 (52 to 100) | <0.001 |
| 6MWD, % of predicted | 80 (24) | 95 (23) | 15 (10 to 20) | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 29 (9) | 38 (12) | 8 (6 to 10) | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength, % of predicted | 81 (18) | 104 (17) | 22 (18 to 27) | <0.001 |
| Patient-reported outcomes** | ||||
| EQ5D Health Utility Score, points | 0.67 (0.19) | 0.84 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.12 to 0.22) | <0.001 |
| EQ5D Mobility score, points | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.6 (0.9) | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) | 0.013 |
| EQ5D Self Care score, points | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.6) | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.1) | 0.018 |
| EQ5D Usual Activities, points | 2.6 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.0) | −0.9 (−1.3 to −0.5) | <0.001 |
| EQ5D Pain and Discomfort, points | 2.6 (1.0) | 1.9 (0.9) | −0.7 (−1.0 to −0.4) | <0.001 |
| EQ5D Anxiety and Depression, points | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.6) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.0) | 0.047 |
| EQ5D VAS score, points | 59 (17) | 76 (13) | 16 (11 to 23) | <0.001 |
| HADS, points | 9.49 (8.03) | 7.12 (7.25) | −2.28 (−3.82 to −0.79) | 0.005 |
| HADS anxiety, points | 4.88 (4.16) | 3.84 (4.09) | −1.18 (−2.09 to −0.27) | 0.014 |
| HADS depression, points | 4.60 (4.30) | 3.28 (3.87) | −1.13 (−2.02 to −0.25) | 0.016 |
| Multidimensional fatigue inventory score, points | 61 (4) | 60 (6) | 0 (−3 to 1) | 0.482 |
| MRC Dyspnea scale, grade | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.7) | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.130 |
Definition of abbreviations: 6MWD = 6-minute-walk distance; CI = confidence interval; EQ5D = Euro-quality of life-5D; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRCT = high-resolution computed tomography; ITGV = intrathoracic gas volume; MRC = Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale; RV = residual volume; VAS = visual analogue scale.
Data are presented as mean (SD) or count (percentage), unless indicated otherwise. P values for difference between time points are tested using linear mixed-model analysis and paired categorical data using McNemar test.
Effect size for factor time derived from the mixed-effects models analysis containing all (repeated) measurements (i.e., the effect of 9 mo recovery on the outcome measure).
Median and interquartile range.
Pulmonary function testing was not performed in four patients, and DlCO failed in two more patients at 3 mo. At 12 mo, pulmonary function testing was not done in five patients owing to logistical issues.
Randomized control trial was performed in 46 patients at 3 mo and 45 patients at 12 mo.
6MWD and handgrip strength were assessed in 45 patients at 3 mo. At 12 mo, seven patients were physically able yet declined physical assessment.
Both at 3 and 12 mo, patient-reported outcomes were obtained for 44 patients.