Figure 1.

Graphic summary of virological insights from experiments using human intestinal organoids (HIOs). HIOs have allowed for the cultivation human norovirus (HuNoV; A) and determination of cell type-specific tropism for HuNoV, astrovirus, and rotavirus (RV), which infects preferentially infects differentiated enterocytes over undifferentiated stem cells (orange; B). HIOs also allowed investigators to determine that HuNoV requires both bile acids and ceramide for entry (C) and identify determinants of replication kinetics for enterovirus (D). Finally, genetically engineered HIOs allowed investigators to characterize a new role for paracrine signaling in rotavirus Ca²⁺ signaling (green) and pathogenesis (E) and understand contributors like serotonin (5HT) and chloride (Cl⁻) to luminal (red) fluid secretion and swelling (F).