Table 1.
Summary of pathogen infection/exposure prevalence in Peninsular bighorn sheep across the entire study period (1981 – 2017), stratified by sex, age, and recovery region (first capture event for each individual). Fractions represent the number of positive tests over the number of tests performed. Sample sizes within each stratification level may not sum to the same totals as in the “overall” column because age class and sex were not available for all samples. Bolded text indicates significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among groups within a stratification level (i.e., females vs. males).
| Sex | Age | Recovery Region | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogen | Test type | Antibody (A) or pathogen (P) | Overall | Female | Male | Lamb/yearling | Adult | San Jacinto Mtns | Northern Santa Rosa Mtns | Central Santa Rosa Mtns | Southern Santa Rosa Mtns | Coyote Canyon | Northern San Ysidro Mtns | Southern San Ysidro Mtns | Vallecito Mtns | Carrizo Canyon |
| Anaplasma spp. | CA | A | 49.7% (158/318) | 48.1% (117/243) | 55.4% (41/74) | 34.6% (9/26) | 51.0% (148/290) | 42.9% (12/28) | 29.8% (14/47) | 48.3% (14/29) | 29.6% (8/27) | 57.1% (20/35) | 77.1% (27/35) | 65.9% (29/44) | 48.5% (16/33) | 45.0% (18/40) |
| Bovine herpesvirus-1 | SVN | A | 0.6% (3/537) | 0.2% (1/407) | 1.6% (2/129) | 0.0% (0/66) | 0.6% (3/469) | 0.0% (0/51) | 3.0% (3/100) | 0.0% (0/57) | 0.0% (0/32) | 0.0% (0/45) | 0.0% (0/51) | 0.0% (0/49) | 0.0% (0/45) | 0.0% (0/107) |
| Bovine respiratory syncytial virus | IFA | A | 39.3% (259/659) | 41.9% (222/530) | 28.9% (37/128) | 34.8% (23/66) | 39.9% (236/592) | 12.1% (8/66) | 48.7% (38/78) | 37.0% (30/81) | 72.9% (43/59) | 43.8% (21/48) | 28.1% (18/64) | 44.1% (26/59) | 40.0% (30/75) | 34.9% (45/129) |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus type-1 | SVN | A | 0.7% (4/541) | 0.7% (3/411) | 0.8% (1/129) | 3.0% (2/67) | 0.4% (2/472) | 0.0% (0/51) | 1.0% (1/101) | 0.0% (0/57) | 0.0% (0/32) | 0.0% (0/45) | 0.0% (0/54) | 0.0% (0/49) | 0.0% (0/45) | 2.8% (3/107) |
| Bovine viral diarrhea virus type-2 | SVN | A | 0.0% (0/83) | 0.0% (0/65) | 0.0% (0/17) | 0.0% (0/7) | 0.0% (0/76) | 0.0% (0/7) | 0.0% (0/4) | NT | NT | 0.0% (0/7) | 0.0% (0/9) | 0.0% (0/12) | 0.0% (0/2) | 0.0% (0/42) |
| Brucella ovis | ELISA | A | 5.0% (23/459) | 5.9% (20/340) | 2.5% (3/118) | 3.4% (2/59) | 5.3% (21/399) | 0.0% (0/38) | 0.0% (0/87) | 0.0% (0/50) | 0.0% (0/26) | 5.3% (2/38) | 16.3% (7/43) | 10.9% (5/46) | 0.0% (0/38) | 9.7% (9/93) |
| Chlamydia spp. | CF | A | 42.8% (199/465) | 41.7% (145/348) | 45.7% (53/116) | 36.5% (19/52) | 43.4% (179/412) | 48.8% (20/41) | 17.0% (9/53) | 71.4% (40/56) | 12.9% (4/31) | 38.1% (16/42) | 30.8% (16/52) | 42.6% (20/47) | 42.2% (19/45) | 56.1% (55/98) |
| Leptospira spp. | MAT | A | 12.1% (38/313) | 12.7% (30/237) | 10.5% (8/76) | 8.1% (3/37) | 12.7% (35/275) | 3.2% (1/31) | 9.1% (6/66) | 5.4% (2/37) | 30.8% (8/26) | 16.0% (4/25) | 10.0% (3/30) | 33.3% (8/24) | 6.5% (2/31) | 9.3% (4/43) |
| Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae | PCR | P | 12.0% (38/316) | 11.9% (33/278) | 13.5% (5/37) | 14.3% (4/28) | 11.8% (34/288) | 13.3% (4/30) | 5.9% (2/34) | 3.1% (1/32) | 15.2% (5/33) | 7.7% (2/26) | 0.0% (0/30) | 20.0% (6/30) | 23.8% (10/42) | 13.6% (8/59) |
| cELISA | A | 60.2% (336/558) | 59.5% (267/449) | 63.0% (68/108) | 58.3% (28/48) | 60.3% (307/509) | 55.6% (30/54) | 71.2% (42/59) | 58.1% (36/62) | 55.8% (29/52) | 48.9% (22/45) | 56.7% (34/60) | 50.0% (25/50) | 71.0% (49/69) | 64.5% (69/107) | |
| Ovine progressive pneumonia virus | AGID | A | 0.0% (0/186) | 0.0% (0/138) | 0.0% (0/48) | 0.0% (0/14) | 0.0% (0/170) | 0.0% (0/26) | 0.0% (0/36) | 0.0% (0/9) | 0.0% (0/12) | 0.0% (0/13) | 0.0% (0/17) | 0.0% (0/21) | 0.0% (0/18) | 0.0% (0/34) |
| Orf virus | CF | A | 71.8% (319/444) | 70.4% (247/351) | 77.2% (71/92) | 57.1% (24/42) | 73.6% (295/401) | 70.3% (26/37) | 62.8% (49/78) | 50.0% (23/46) | 84.2% (32/38) | 69.2% (27/39) | 83.7% (36/43) | 82.2% (37/45) | 63.6% (28/44) | 82.4% (61/74) |
| Parainfluenza-3 virus | VI | P | 11.4% (4/35) | 13.0% (3/23) | 8.3% (1/12) | 23.1% (3/13) | 4.5% (1/22) | 0.0% (0/2) | 20.0% (4/20) | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | 0.0% (0/13) |
| HI | A | 21.2% (152/717) | 21.4% (123/576) | 20.7% (29/140) | 12.5% (10/80) | 22.2% (141/635) | 1.5% (1/66) | 32.5% (38/117) | 9.9% (8/81) | 30.5% (18/59) | 8.9% (5/56) | 12.3% (8/65) | 19.4% (12/62) | 35.4% (29/82) | 25.6% (33/129) | |
| Toxoplasma gondii | LA | A | 18.0% (16/89) | 9.1% (6/66) | 43.5% (10/23) | 14.3% (1/7) | 18.5% (15/81) | 20.0% (4/20) | 37.0% (10/27) | NT | NT | NT | 5.9% (1/17) | 7.7% (1/13) | NT | 0.0% (0/12) |
| Bluetongue virus | VI | P | 3.3% (3/91) | 4.5% (3/66) | 0.0% (0/25) | 11.1% (2/18) | 1.4% (1/72) | 0.0% (0/16) | 5.0% (2/40) | NT | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/5) | NT | NT | 0.0% (0/5) | 4.8% (1/21) |
| cELISA | A | 10.4% (60/576) | 9.6% (45/467) | 13.9% (15/108) | 3.8% (2/52) | 11.1% (58/523) | 8.0% (4/50) | 5.2% (3/58) | 3.7% (3/81) | 8.5% (5/59) | 5.4% (3/56) | 22.9% (11/48) | 12.3% (7/57) | 18.3% (15/82) | 10.6% (9/85) | |
| Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus | VI | P | 0.0% (0/22) | 0.0% (0/14) | 0.0% (0/8) | 0.0% (0/10) | 0.0% (0/12) | NT | 0.0% (0/18) | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | 0.0% (0/4) |
| SVN | A | 24.4% (10/41) | 20.0% (6/30) | 36.4% (4/11) | 17.6% (3/17) | 29.2% (7/24) | NT | 18.9% (7/37) | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | 75.0% (3/4) | |
| Orbivirus spp. | AGP/AGID | A | 21.6% (145/670) | 19.9% (107/538) | 29.0% (38/131) | 15.1% (11/73) | 22.5% (134/595) | 30.6% (19/62) | 31.9% (37/116) | 7.5% (4/53) | 12.1% (7/58) | 9.8% (5/51) | 21.5% (14/65) | 17.7% (11/62) | 20.3% (15/74) | 25.6% (33/129) |
| Mannheimia haemolytica betahemolytic | culture | P | 85.0% (119/140) | 86.5% (90/104) | 80.6% (29/36) | 100.0% (14/14) | 83.3% (105/126) | 70.0% (7/10) | 85.7% (18/21) | 87.0% (20/23) | 100.0% (12/12) | 90.0% (9/10) | 83.3% (15/18) | 82.4% (14/17) | 76.5% (13/17) | 91.7% (11/12) |
| Mannheimia haemolytica nonhemolytic | culture | P | 23.6% (33/140) | 24.0% (25/104) | 22.2% (8/36) | 21.4% (3/14) | 23.8% (30/126) | 0.0% (0/10) | 23.8% (5/21) | 34.8% (8/23) | 25.0% (3/12) | 10.0% (1/10) | 33.3% (6/18) | 17.6% (3/17) | 11.8% (2/17) | 41.7% (5/12) |
| Bibersteinia trehalosi betahemolytic | culture | P | 12.1% (17/140) | 15.4% (16/104) | 2.8% (1/36) | 7.1% (1/14) | 12.7% (16/126) | 0.0% (0/10) | 0.0% (0/21) | 0.0% (0/23) | 0.0% (0/12) | 30.0% (3/10) | 38.9% (7/18) | 0.0% (0/17) | 29.4% (5/17) | 16.7% (2/12) |
| Bibersteinia trehalosi nonhemolytic | culture | P | 77.9% (109/140) | 77.9% (81/104) | 77.8% (28/36) | 71.4% (10/14) | 78.6% (99/126) | 90.0% (9/10) | 90.5% (19/21) | 82.6% (19/23) | 83.3% (10/12) | 50.0% (5/10) | 61.1% (11/18) | 94.1% (16/17) | 64.7% (11/17) | 75.0% (9/12) |
AGP = agar gel precipitin, AGID = agar gel immunodiffusion, CA = card agglutination, CF = complement fixation, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cELISA = competitive ELISA, IFA = immunofluorescence assay, HI = hemagglutination inhibition, LA = latex agglutination, MAT = modified agglutination test, PCR = polymerase chain reaction, SVN = serum virus neutralization, VI = virus isolation, NT = not tested.