Table 2.
Actor and Partner Effects of Loneliness on Memory and Verbal Fluency
| Cognitive task | Memory | Verbal fluency | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||||||
| B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 10.465** | 0.174 | 11.276** | 0.205 | 22.794** | 0.681 | 23.049** | 0.763 | ||||
| Loneliness | ||||||||||||
| Actor loneliness | −0.998** | 0.080 | −0.11 | −0.986** | 0.062 | −12 | −1.866** | 0.227 | −0.09 | −1.798** | 0.176 | −0.10 |
| Partner loneliness | −0.394** | 0.072 | −0.05 | −0.386** | 0.094 | −0.04 | −0.864** | 0.177 | −0.05 | −0.884** | 0.189 | −0.04 |
| Estimate variance | ||||||||||||
| Residual | 11.118** | 0.100 | 11.576** | 0.104 | 47.835** | 0.431 | 46.326** | 0.418 | ||||
| Intercept | 0.589** | 0.199 | 0.905** | 0.283 | 11.750** | 3.466 | 15.151** | 4.364 | ||||
| Actor slope | 0.058 | 0.039 | 0.014 | 0.024 | 0.846* | 0.398 | 0.431* | 0.221 | ||||
| Partner slope | 0.047 | 0.035 | 0.115* | 0.059 | 0.430 | 0.226 | 0.449 | 0.278 | ||||
| Adjusted | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 15.718** | 0.221 | 15.337** | 0.234 | 29.738** | 0.707 | 28.005** | 0.760 | ||||
| Loneliness | ||||||||||||
| Actor loneliness | −0.712** | 0.068 | −0.08 | −0.699** | 0.054 | −0.08 | −1.413** | 0.211 | −0.07 | −1.271** | 0.162 | −0.07 |
| Partner loneliness | −0.188** | 0.061 | −0.02 | −0.151 | 0.077 | −0.02 | −0.494** | 0.153 | −0.03 | −0.497** | 0.166 | −0.02 |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Actor age | −0.119** | 0.002 | −0.32 | −0.110** | 0.002 | −0.28 | −0.176** | 0.005 | −0.21 | −0.166** | 0.005 | 0.20 |
| Actor education | 0.495** | 0.017 | 0.21 | 0.630** | 0.018 | 0.25 | 0.796** | 0.037 | 0.15 | 1.339** | 0.037 | 0.25 |
| Partner education | 0.212** | 0.017 | 0.09 | 0.176** | 0.017 | 0.07 | 0.502** | 0.038 | 0.09 | 0.220** | 0.035 | 0.04 |
| Household size | −0.198** | 0.046 | −0.06 | −0.176** | 0.048 | −0.05 | −0.192 | 0.100 | −0.02 | −0.225* | 0.098 | −0.03 |
| Estimate variance | ||||||||||||
| Residual | 8.983** | 0.081 | 9.262** | 0.083 | 42.152** | 0.380 | 39.187** | 0.353 | ||||
| Intercept | 0.325** | 0.112 | 0.522** | 0.166 | 8.968** | 2.664 | 11.797** | 3.411 | ||||
| Actor slope | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.721* | 0.338 | 0.369* | 0.176 | ||||
| Partner slope | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.063 | 0.038 | 0.267 | 0.160 | 0.317 | 0.209 | ||||
Notes: N = 24,689 couples (49,378 individuals). Unadjusted reports the models without covariates; Adjusted reports the models with basic covariates. Because we did not test cross-level interactions, individual-level variables were not centered. SPSS produces only unstandardized coefficients in multilevel modeling. Therefore, we calculated standardized coefficients using the formula: β standardized = (B unstandardized × standard deviation explanatory variable)/standard deviation outcome variable; βs are reported for actor and partner effects of loneliness and covariates. SE = standard error.
* p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01.