Table 4.

Associations Between Paid Help and Participation Restrictions Among Community-Dwelling Dually-Enrolled Older Adults With and Without Dementia

	Any participation restrictions
	No dementia adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p	Dementia adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p
Uses paid help	1.50 (0.82, 2.73)	.18	1.42 (0.74, 2.72)	.30
Individual characteristics
Age
65–74	Reference		Reference
75–84	1.04 (0.52, 2.06)	.98	1.06 (0.46, 2.47)	.89
>85	1.48 (0.72, 3.02)	.28	1.16 (0.53, 2.51)	.71
Female	1.15 (0.60, 2.20)	.67	1.20 (0.59, 2.46)	.61
Race
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Black	1.08 (0.61, 1.91)	.79	1.95 (0.98, 3.87)	.06
Hispanic and other	0.54 (0.23, 1.28)	.16	1.85 (0.99, 3.46)	.06
Number of health conditions	1.14 (0.96, 1.35)	.14	1.31 (1.11, 1.55)	<.01
Support characteristics
Number of daily activities receiving help with	1.20 (1.02, 1.41)	.03	1.25 (1.14, 1.36)	<.001
Living arrangement
Alone	Reference		Reference
Spouse	1.30 (0.67, 2.52)	.43	0.35 (0.15, 0.84)	.02
Others	1.36 (0.75, 2.46)	.31	0.28 (0.14, 0.57)	<.001
LTSS environment characteristics
Most socially disadvantaged neighborhoods	1.03 (0.53, 1.99)	.93	0.72 (0.40, 1.30)	.27
Medicaid generosity
Q1 (8.6%–27.4%)	Reference		Reference
Q2 (27.4%–36.4%)	1.34 (0.64, 2.82)	.43	0.80 (0.34, 1.87)	.60
Q3 (36.8%–55.4%)	1.72 (0.69, 4.27)	.24	1.03 (0.47, 2.28)	.94
Q4 (55.6%–77.7%)	1.00 (0.48, 2.05)	.99	0.97 (0.48, 1.98)	.94

Notes: CI = confidence interval; LTSS = long-term services and supports. All estimates are survey weight adjusted; National Health and Aging Trends Study 2011–2015; 979 Medicaid-enrolled persons aged 65 and older living in community settings (excluding those in nursing homes and residential care facilities) and reporting receiving assistance with self-care, mobility, or household tasks (for a health reason).