Table 2.
TICS-m Regressions
| Simple regression | Standard regression | Standard + ACEs | Fully augmented | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (5) | (6) | (10) | |
| Incarcerated prior to the 48+ cognition module | −2.457*** | −0.363+ | −0.355+ | −0.118 |
| (0.211) | (0.214) | (0.213) | (0.208) | |
| Incarcerated in the year of the 48+ cognition module | 0.116 | 0.759 | 0.615 | 0.653 |
| (0.719) | (0.659) | (0.664) | (0.649) | |
| Age at interview | −0.076** | −0.081** | −0.067* | |
| (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.028) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −1.594*** | −1.552*** | −0.345** | |
| (0.125) | (0.126) | (0.132) | ||
| Hispanic | −1.406*** | −1.365*** | −0.539*** | |
| (0.139) | (0.139) | (0.137) | ||
| Female | 0.623*** | 0.623*** | 0.894*** | |
| (0.099) | (0.100) | (0.097) | ||
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight: BMI <18.5 | −0.748 | −0.696 | −0.755 | |
| (0.559) | (0.553) | (0.535) | ||
| Overweight: 25 ≤ BMI < 30 | 0.433*** | 0.433*** | 0.447*** | |
| (0.124) | (0.124) | (0.120) | ||
| Obese: BMI ≥30 | 0.596*** | 0.600*** | 0.610*** | |
| (0.136) | (0.136) | (0.129) | ||
| Reported diagnoses by health 50+ survey | ||||
| High blood pressure | −0.455*** | −0.452*** | −0.432*** | |
| (0.107) | (0.107) | (0.104) | ||
| Diabetes | −0.246+ | −0.226 | −0.183 | |
| (0.143) | (0.143) | (0.137) | ||
| Net worth | ||||
| First quartile | −1.439*** | −1.409*** | −0.885*** | |
| (0.214) | (0.213) | (0.209) | ||
| Second quartile | −0.687*** | −0.691*** | −0.302+ | |
| (0.171) | (0.170) | (0.166) | ||
| Third quartile | −0.104 | −0.119 | 0.067 | |
| (0.156) | (0.156) | (0.153) | ||
| Education | ||||
| HGC <12 years | −3.687*** | −3.599*** | −1.303*** | |
| (0.182) | (0.183) | (0.199) | ||
| HGC = 12 years | −2.259*** | −2.204*** | −0.585*** | |
| (0.131) | (0.131) | (0.140) | ||
| 12 < HGC < 16 years | −0.995*** | −0.977*** | −0.049 | |
| (0.133) | (0.133) | (0.135) | ||
| Augmented variables | ||||
| ACEs | ||||
| Fair or poor health | −1.129*** | −0.946*** | ||
| (0.229) | (0.219) | |||
| Lived with someone depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal | 0.609** | 0.533** | ||
| (0.189) | (0.186) | |||
| Physically harmed by parent or adult more than once | 0.246 | 0.279+ | ||
| (0.169) | (0.161) | |||
| Little to no love from parent | −0.309* | −0.159 | ||
| (0.136) | (0.132) | |||
| Emotional disorder or depression | −0.542*** | |||
| (0.127) | ||||
| 1980 Armed Forces Qualification Test score | 0.055*** | |||
| (0.002) | ||||
| Observations | 8,021 | 8,021 | 8,021 | 8,021 |
| N (FI/I) | 573 | 573 | 573 | 573 |
| N (NI) | 7,448 | 7,448 | 7,448 | 7,448 |
Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. All models except the simple regression include fixed effects for type of city at baseline, region at baseline, type of city at year of survey, and region at year of survey. Missing data imputed using multiple imputation by chained equations. Results for heart problems, stroke, hospitalized for greater than or equal to 2 weeks, confined to home or bed for greater than or equal to 4 weeks, lived with a problem drinker, and smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one’s lifetime omitted from the table due to lack of significance and space but can be found in Appendix Table 1. N is the total number of observations, N (FI/I) is the total number of individuals with any report of incarceration at the time of or prior to the cognition survey, N (NI) is the total number with no reported incarceration. ACE = adverse childhood experiences; BMI = body mass index; FI/I = formerly and currently incarcerated; HGC = highest grade completed; NI = nonincarcerated.
+p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.