Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristic | Total (n = 114) | Extubated (n = 44) | Deceased or Intubated (n = 70) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 64.0 (58.0–71.0) | 63.0 (58.0–68.0) | 65.5 (59.0–72.0) | 0.08 |
| Male sex | 84 (73.7) | 31 (70.5) | 53 (75.7) | 0.69 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 (24.7–31.5) | 29.8 (25.8–32.7) | 27.5 (24.6–31.0) | 0.10 |
| Current or former smoker | 34 (29.8) | 15 (34.1) | 19 (27.1) | 0.38 |
| Transferred from another hospital | 68 (59.6) | 29 (65.9)) | 39 (55.7) | 0.38 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| COPD | 7 (6.1) | 3 (6.8) | 4 (5.7) | 1.00 |
| Asthma | 14 (12.3) | 6 (13.6) | 8 (11.4) | 0.96 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 49 (43.0) | 21 (47.7) | 28 (40.0) | 0.54 |
| Diabetes | 31 (27.2) | 11 (25.0) | 20 (28.6) | 0.84 |
| Malignancy | 8 (7.0) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (7.1) | 1.00 |
| Kidney disease | 13 (11.4) | 3 (6.8) | 10 (14.3) | 0.36 |
| Hepatic disease | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1.00 |
| Neurological disorder | 2 (1.8) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.29 |
| Treatment and sample collection | ||||
| Systemic steroids between ICU admission and sampling | 101 (88.6) | 36 (81.8) | 65 (92.9) | 0.13 |
| IL-6 receptor antagonists | 8 (7.0) | 4 (9.1) | 4 (5.7) | 0.76 |
| Systemic antibiotic exposure before ICU admission* | 87 (76.3) | 32 (72.7) | 55 (78.6) | 0.63 |
| Systemic antibiotic exposure between ICU admission and sampling | 108 (94.7) | 41 (93.2) | 67 (95.7) | 0.87 |
| Systemic antifungal exposure between ICU admission and sampling | 16 (14.0) | 7 (15.9) | 9 (12.9) | 0.86 |
| ICU length of stay before sample collection, d | 10.5 (6.0–16.0) | 11.5 (7.5–20.0) | 10.0 (6.0–14.8) | 0.45 |
| Mechanical ventilation before sample collection, d | 9.0 (5.0–14.8) | 9.0 (5.0–16.8) | 9.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.64 |
| Severity of disease at day of sample collection | ||||
| SOFA score | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.8–10.0) | 8.0 (7.0–10.8) | 0.63 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 101.5 (79.1–124.2) | 120.7 (92.1–133.4) | 95.8 (77.8–117.2) | 0.03 |
| Follow-up samples | ||||
| Second BAL sample available | 32 (28.1) | 14 (28.6) | 18 (27.7) | — |
| Third BAL sample available | 14 (12.3) | 3 (6.1) | 11 (16.9) | — |
| Fourth BAL sample available | 3 (2.6) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (3.1) | — |
| Total samples available | 163 | 67 | 96 | — |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Probable COVID-19– associated pulmonary aspergillosis† | 30 (26.3) | 11 (25.0) | 19 (27.1) | 0.97 |
| Positive bacterial microbiologic (nondirected) BAL culture | 25 (21.9) | 10 (22.7) | 15 (21.4) | 1.00 |
| ICU length of stay, d | 30.0 (18.0–46.0) | 39.0 (22.0–49.5) | 24.5 (18.0–38.0) | 0.32 |
| Length of mechanical ventilation, d | 27.0 (16.3–42.0) | 32.0 (15.5–45.0) | 23.0 (16.3–35.0) | 0.97 |
| ICU mortality | 61 (53.5) | 0 (0.0) | 61 (87.1) | — |
| 60-d mortality‡ | 60 (52.6) | 0 (0.0) | 60 (85.7) | — |
| 90-d mortality‡ | 62 (54.4) | 0 (0.0) | 62 (88.6) | — |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment.
Clinical characteristics of the study population, stratified by clinical outcome at Day 60 after the start of mechanical ventilation. Values are n (%) or median (interquartile range).
*
Systemic antibiotic exposure in the 30 d before ICU admission at the study center.
†
Defined according to the 2020 European Confederation of Medical Mycology and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology consensus definition.
‡
Calculated with the day of intubation as Day 0.