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. 2022 Dec 29;17(12):e0266167. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266167

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of questionnaire items (1-4 scale) (Russell, 1996), Sample 2 (older adults, n = 290).

Item Mean SD
1. I feel in tune with the people around me. 3.303 0.669
2. I lack companionship. 2.193 0.943
3. There is no one I can turn to. 1.914 0.920
4. I do not feel alone. 2.090 0.926
5. I feel part of a group of friends. 2.924 0.953
6. I have a lot in common with the people around me. 2.955 0.853
7. I am no longer close to anyone. 1.821 0.935
8. My interests and ideas are not shared by those around me. 2.400 0.887
9. I am an outgoing person. 3.266 0.764
10. There are people I feel close to. 3.179 0.773
11. I feel left out. 2.186 0.868
12. My social relationships are superficial. 2.117 0.880
13. No one really knows me well. 2.293 0.930
14. I feel isolated from others. 1.976 0.913
15. I can find companionship when I want it. 3.079 0.943
16. There are people who really understand me. 2.990 0.886
17. I am unhappy being so withdrawn. 2.355 0.989
18. People are around me but not with me. 2.231 0.851
19. There are people I can talk to. 3.300 0.817
20. There are people I can turn to. 3.341 0.765