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. 2022 Dec 29;12:22570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26943-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) frequencies in patients with COVID-19. (A) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from COVID-19 patients, healthy controls (HCs) were used to analyze MDSCs by flow cytometry. Representative dot plots of monocytic (M)-MDSCs (HLA-DR^+/lowCD11b⁺CD14⁺CD15^- cells) and polymorphonuclear (P)-MDSCs (HLA-DR^+/lowCD11b⁺CD14^-CD15⁺ cells) identified using a gating strategy are shown in patients (severe and moderate) and control groups. (B) The frequencies of M- and P-MDSCs in the PBMC presented. (C,D) Sex differences in the frequencies of M-MDSCs and P-MDSCs between HC and moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. M-MDSCs were increased in both SMPs and MMPs, while P-MDSCs were increased in SFPs and MFPs. All values are presented as the mean or median and 5–95% percentile and comparisons made between control and patient groups were performed using ANOVA or kruskalwalis followed by a the Tukey's or Dunn's tests for normally distributed or non-normally distributed data respectively *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 and ****P < 0.0001. HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen-D–related, HC healthy control, M moderate, S severe.