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. 2022 Dec 29;12:22570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26943-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Isolated MDSCs, suppressed CD4 + and CD8 + T cells response in vitro. MDSCs isolated from fresh PBMC of the patients co-cultured with CFSE labeled-autologous MDPs from the patients and CFSE labeled-homologous PBMCs from HCs in the presence of PHA for 5 days. (A) Histograms show representative CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation as assessed by CFSE dilution and flow cytometry. The numbers in the plots indicate the frequency of proliferating T cells. The unstimulated MDPs are indicated in red, PHA-stimulated MDPs are indicated in orange and PHA-stimulated MDPs in presence of MDSCs are indicated in blue. (B,C) Dot plots show the percentage of proliferating CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells from 10 COVID-19 patients and 6 HCs. All values are presented as the mean and 5–95% percentile and comparisons made between control and patient groups were performed using ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s test. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 and ****P < 0.0001. Abbreviations: MDP: MDSC depleted PBMC.