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. 2022 Dec 29;12:22570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26943-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Levels of TGF-β in serum from COVID-19 patients and Healthy control subjects (HCs). (A) Serum TGF-β was measured in 28 COVID-19 patients (14 moderate and 14 severe) and 6 HCs. (B) Release of TGF-β into the media of MDSCs isolated from fresh peripheral blood cells of patients co-cultured with autologous MDPs from the same patients and homologous PBMCs from HCs in the presence of PHA for 3 days. All values are presented as the mean and 5–95% percentile and comparisons made between control and patient groups were performed using ANOVA followed by a Tukey's test. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 and ****P < 0.0001. HC healthy control, M moderate, S severe, MDP MDSC depleted PBMC, MHC male healthy control, MMP moderate male patients, SMP severe male patients, FHC female healthy control, MFP moderate female patients, SFP severe female patients.