Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Sl no. | Study | Study design | Level of evidence | Implant used | Number of patients/cases | Male/Female | Mean age in years (range/SD) | AO -Classification A1/A2/A3/B/C1/C2/C3 |
Open/closed fracture | Mean follow up (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Markmiller et al. 200419 | Prospective | III | RIMN | 16 (Overall total case = 39 (7 cases bilateral) | 14/2 | 43.7 (20–77) | A-11/C-8 one loss to follow up | High energy trauma-7 | Overall 12 |
| LP | 16 | 6/10 | 57.2 (17–83) | A-10/C-10 | High energy trauma-9 | |||||
| 2 | Thomson et al. 200820 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 11 | 6/5 | 50.5 | Type-C | NR | Overall 80 |
| LP | 11 (one bilateral) = 12 cases | 7/4 | 49.9 | Type-C | NR | |||||
| 3 | Henderson et al. 201021 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 12 | 4/8 | 63 (23–87) | A1-2, A2-2, A3-3 C1–1, C2-3, C3-1 | High energy-2 | 16.75 |
| LP | 12 | 3/9 | 65(25–96) | A1-2, A2-2, A3-3 C1–1, C2-3, C3-1 | High energy-3 | 14.25 | ||||
| 4 | Hierholzer et al. 201122 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 59 | NR | Overall-54 (17–89) | A1:31, C:28 | High energy-31, Open-19 |
13 |
| LP | 56 | NR | A1:21, C:35 | High energy—37, Open-31 |
15 | |||||
| 5 | Gao et al. 201223 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 17 | 13/4 | 50.6 ± 16.3 | A1/A2/A3-6/8/3 | High energy trauma-13 Multiple injury-5 |
26.29 ± 12.71 |
| LP | 19 | 12/7 | 54.7 ± 16.1 | A1/A2/A3-8/7/4- | High energy trauma-12, Multiple injury-3 | 23.37 ± 5.33 | ||||
| 6 | Demirtas et al. 201411 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 13 | 11/2 | 31.1 | A1/A2/A3-4/5/4 | High energy-12, open-6 | 26.7 |
| LP | 15 | 13/2 | 36 | A1/A2/A3-3/5/7 | High energy-14, open-7 | 31.3 | ||||
| 7 | Chander et al. 201524 | Prospective | RIMN | 24 | NR | Overall 21-70 | A/C only | NR | Overall 12 | |
| LP | 30 | NR | A/C only | NR | ||||||
| 8 | Ciloglu et al. 201725 | RCT | I | RIMN | 23 | 16/7 | 37.2 ± 12.7 | A1/A2/A3-5/14/4 | High energy-15, Open-7 | 40 |
| LP | 24 | 18/6 | 42.6 ± 13 | A1/A2/A3/B1/C1-5/10/7/1/1 | High energy-17, Open-8 | 35 | ||||
| 9 | Gill et al. 201712 | RCT | I | RIMN | 20 | 13/7 | 36.0 ± 14.1 | A1/A2/A3-7/10/3 | high-energy-14, Open-5 | 27.8 ± 7 |
| LP | 22 | 16/6 | 38.7 ± 15.6 | A1/A2/A3-9/8/5 | high-energy-14, open-7 | 29.2 ± 92 | ||||
| 10 | Aggarwal et al. 20184 | RCT | I | RIMN | 20 | 15/5 | 39.6 | A3-6/C2-7/C3-2, rest unknown | high-energy-17, Open-7 | Overall 11.34 |
| LP | 20 | 16/4 | 37.4 | A3-4/C2-7/C3-5, rest unknown | high-energy-19, open-9 | |||||
| 11 | Rollo et al. 201926 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 15 | 11/4 | 42.67 ± 18.32 | A/B/C-5/5/5 | high-energy-10 | Overall 16.24 ± 0.44 |
| LP | 15 | 11/4 | 42.84 ± 18.32 | A/B/C-5/5/5 | high-energy-10 | |||||
| 12 | Gupta et al. 202127 | RCT | I | RIMN | 20 | Overall 35/5 | Overall 47 (28–70) | NR | Overall High energy-35 | Overall 12 |
| LP | 20 | NR | ||||||||
| 13 | Ahmed et al. 202128 | RCT | I | RIMN | 80 | 56/24 | 33.9 ± 10.26 | NR | ||
| LP | 80 | 49/31 | 33.2 ± 48.61 | NR | ||||||
| 14 | Mahar et al. 202129 | RCT | I | RIMN | 50 | 30/20 | 20–60 | A1-32, A2-11 A3-7 | 31-high velocity | Minimum 6 |
| LP | 50 | 35/15 | 20–60 | A1-32, A2-11 A3-7 | 31-high velocity | Minimum 6. | ||||
| 15 | Meccariello et al. 202130 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 30 | 22/8 | 42.67 ± 18.32 | A1-4, A2-4, A3-2 B1–4, B2-2, B3-4, C1-4, C2-4, C3-2 | RTA-16 | 17.32 ± 0.42 |
| LP | 30 | 20/10 | 42.84 ± 18.32 | A1-4, A2-5, A3-2 B1–5, B2-1, B3-5, C1-3, C2-4, C3-1 | RTA-19 | 16.45 ± 0.47 | ||||
| 16 | Vemulapalli et al. 202231 | Retrospective | III | RIMN | 50 | Overall 55/51 | 51 (21–86) | AO/OTA 33-C type | Overall 50-open, 56-closed | 11 |
| LP | 56 | 51 (21–86) | AO/OTA 33-C type | 12.7 |
RIMN-Retrograde intramedullary nail, LP-locking plate, NR-Not reported.