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. 2022 Dec 13;14:57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.006

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Insulin signaling pathway. Insulin activates IRS1 and 2 by binding to the IR. Insulin attaches to IR/IRS and activates a variety of secondary messengers through three main mechanisms:PI3K/AKT pathway, MAPK pathway, NMDA glutamate receptor activation pathway.