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Overview of the innate immune response to foreign DNA
pDNA can be recognized by several DNA sensors (yellow), which trigger a cascade of kinases (green) and transcription factors (purple) that culminates in the expression of cytokines that are secreted and bind to cognate receptors (gray) that induce the expression of cytokine stimulated genes (blue) that can trigger apoptosis or inhibit transgene expression in a variety of ways.
