Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample by obesity and type 2 diabetes status
| Variables | Obesity | Overall sample (N = 93,280) | Type 2 diabetes | Over all sample (N = 122,211) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. [n = 69,724] (74.8%) | Yes [n = 23,556] (25.2%) | No [n = 113,680] (93.0%) | Yes [n = 8,531] (7.0%) | |||
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 41.4 ± 17.1 | 45.3 ± 15.1 | 42.3 ± 16.7 | 41.5 ± 16 | 57.4 ± 14.6 | 42.6 ± 16.5 |
| Female sex | 56.2% | 62.5% | 57.8% | 58.4% | 60.4% | 58.5% |
| Highest educational level completed | ||||||
| Less than primary | 15.3% | 19.7% | 16.4% | 15.1% | 31.6% | 16.2% |
| Primary | 32.1% | 38.2% | 33.6% | 33.8% | 36.2% | 33.9% |
| Secondary | 38.2% | 31.4% | 36.5% | 37.3% | 22.2% | 36.3% |
| University or higher | 14.4% | 10.6% | 13.4% | 13.9% | 10.0% | 13.6% |
| Sub-city level characteristics | ||||||
| Intersection density (n/km2) | 30 ± 36.1 | 29.7 ± 37.1 | 29.9 ± 36.3 | 29.3 ± 35.5 | 30.2 ± 35.7 | 29.4 ± 35.6 |
| Greenness (median NDVI) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 |
| Population density in built-up areas (n/km2) | 7,862 ± 4,467 | 7,509 ± 4,245 | 7,773 ± 4,414 | 8,298 ± 4,903 | 7,530 ± 4,437 | 8,244 ± 4,876 |
| Population educational attainment (Z score) | 0.5 ± 1.4 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 1.6 | 0.4 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 1.6 |
| City-level characteristics | ||||||
| Fragmentation [patch density (n/100 ha)] | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 |
| Isolation [mean distance to the nearest urban patch within the geographic boundary(m)] | 83.2 ± 33.0 | 85.1 ± 35.0 | 83.7 ± 33.6 | 83.8 ± 35.7 | 84.6 ± 35.3 | 83.8 ± 35.7 |
| Percentage of urban area (%) | 8.8 ± 8.2 | 8.6 ± 8.1 | 8.8 ± 8.1 | 8.4 ± 7.6 | 8.7 ± 8 | 8.4 ± 7.6 |
NDVI normalized difference vegetation index. Values are show as percentage (%) or mean ± standard deviation.